World War I - 1918 Overview

By 1918, World War I had been underway for over three years. Despite the bloody stalemate that continued to ensue on the Western Front following the failures of British and French offensives at Ypres and Aisne, both sides had reason for hope due to two key events in 1917. For the Allies (Britain, France, and Italy), the United States had entered the war on April 6 and was bringing its industrial might and vast manpower to bear. To the east, Russia, torn by the Bolshevik Revolution and resulting civil war, had asked for an armistice with the Central Powers (Germany, Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria, and the Ottoman Empire) on December 15, freeing large numbers of soldiers for service on other fronts. As a result, both alliances entered the new year with optimism that victory might finally be achieved. America Mobilizes Though the United States had joined the conflict in April 1917, it took time for the nation to mobilize manpower on a large scale and retool its industries for war. By March 1918, only 318,000 Americans had arrived in France. This number began to climb rapidly through the summer and by August 1.3 million men were deployed overseas. Upon their arrival, many senior British and French commanders wished to use the largely untrained American units as replacements within their own formations. Such a plan was adamantly opposed by the commander of the American Expeditionary Force, General John J. Pershing, who insisted that American troops fight together. Despite conflicts like this, the arrival of the Americans bolstered the hopes of the battered British and French armies which had been fighting and dying for since August 1914. An Opportunity for Germany While the massive numbers of American troops that were forming in the United States would ultimately play a decisive role, the defeat of Russia provided Germany with an immediate advantage on the Western Front. Freed from fighting a two-front war, the Germans were able to transfer over thirty veteran divisions west while only leaving a skeleton force to ensure Russian compliance with the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk. These troops provided the Germans with numerical superiority over their adversaries. Aware that growing numbers of American troops would soon negate the advantage Germany had gained, General Erich Ludendorff began planning a series of offensives to bring the war on the Western Front to a swift conclusion. Dubbed the Kaiserschlacht (Kaisers Battle), the 1918 Spring Offensives were to consist of four major assaults code-named Michael, Georgette, Blà ¼cher-Yorck, and Gneisenau. As German manpower was running short, it was imperative that the Kaiserschlacht succeed as losses could not be effectively replaced. Operation Michael The first and largest of these offensives, Operation Michael, was intended to strike the British Expeditionary Force (BEF) along the Somme with the goal of cutting it off from the French to the south. The assault plan called for four German armies to break through the BEFs lines then wheel northwest to drive toward the English Channel. Leading the attack would be special stormtrooper units whose orders called for them to drive deep into British positions, bypassing strong points, with the goal disrupting communications and reinforcements. Commencing on March 21, 1918, Michael saw German forces attack along a forty-mile front. Slamming into the British Third and Fifth Armies, the assault shattered the British lines. While the Third Army largely held, the Fifth Army began a fighting retreat. As the crisis developed, the commander of the BEF, Field Marshal Sir Douglas Haig, requested reinforcements from his French counterpart, General Philippe Pà ©tain. This request was refused as Pà ©tain was concerned about protecting Paris. Angered, Haig was able to force an Allied conference on March 26 at Doullens. This meeting resulted in the appointment of General Ferdinand Foch as the overall Allied commander. As the fighting continued, British and French resistance began to coalesce and Ludendorffs thrust began to slow. Desperate to renew the offensive, he ordered a series of new attacks on March 28, though they favored exploiting local successes rather than advancing the operations strategic goals. These attacks failed to make substantial gains and Operation Michael ground to a halt at Villers-Bretonneux on the outskirts of Amiens. Operation Georgette Despite the strategic failure of Michael, Ludendorff immediately launched Operation Georgette (Lys Offensive) in Flanders on April 9. Assaulting the British around Ypres, the Germans sought to capture the town and force the British back to the coast. In nearly three weeks of fighting, the Germans succeeded in reclaiming the territorial losses of Passchendaele and advanced south of Ypres. By April 29, the Germans had still failed to take Ypres and Ludendorff halted the offensive. Operation Blà ¼cher-Yorck Shifting his attention south the French, Ludendorff commenced Operation Blà ¼cher-Yorck (Third Battle of the Aisne) on May 27. Concentrating their artillery, the Germans attacked down the valley of the Oise River towards Paris. Overrunning the Chemin des Dames ridge, Ludendorffs men swiftly advanced as the Allies began committing reserves to halt the offensive. American forces played a role in stopping the Germans during intense fighting at Chateau-Thierry and Belleau Wood. On June 3, as fighting still raged, Ludendorff decided to suspend Blà ¼cher-Yorck due to supply problems and mounting losses. While both sides lost similar numbers of men, the Allies possessed an ability to replace them that Germany lacked. Seeking to widen the gains of Blà ¼cher-Yorck, Ludendorff began Operation Gneisenau on June 9. Attacking on the northern edge of the Aisne salient along the Matz River, his troops made initial gains but were halted within two days. Ludendorffs Last Gasp With the failure of the Spring Offensives, Ludendorff had lost much of the numerical superiority which he had counted on for achieving victory. With limited resources remaining he hoped to launch an attack against the French with the goal of drawing British troops south from Flanders. This would then allow another attack on that front. With the support of Kaiser Wilhelm II, Ludendorff opened the Second Battle of the Marne on July 15. Attacking on both sides of Rheims, the Germans made some progress. French intelligence had provided warning of the attack and Foch and Pà ©tain had prepared a counterstroke. Launched on July 18, the French counterattack, supported by American troops, was led by General Charles Mangins Tenth Army. Supported by other French troops, the effort soon threatened to encircle those German troops in the salient. Beaten, Ludendorff ordered a withdraw from the endangered area. The defeat on the Marne ended his plans for mounting another assault in Flanders. Austrian Failure In the wake of the disastrous Battle of Caporetto in fall 1917, the hated Italian Chief of Staff General Luigi Cadorna was sacked and replaced with General Armando Diaz. The Italian position behind the Piave River was further bolstered by the arrival of sizable formations of British and French troops. Across the lines, German forces had largely been recalled for use in the Spring Offensives, however, they had been replaced by Austro-Hungarian troops that had been freed from the Eastern Front. Debate ensued among the Austrian high command regarding the best way to finish off the Italians. Finally, the new Austrian Chief of Staff, Arthur Arz von Straussenburg, approved a plan to launch a two-pronged attack, with one moving south from the mountains and the other across the Piave River. Moving forward on June 15, the Austrian advance was quickly checked by the Italians and their allies with heavy losses. Victory in Italy The defeat led Emperor Karl I of Austria-Hungary to begin seeking a political solution to the conflict. On October 2, he contacted US President Woodrow Wilson and expressed his willingness to enter into an armistice. Twelve days later he issued a manifesto to his peoples which effectively transformed the state into a federation of nationalities. These efforts proved too late as the multitude of ethnicities and nationalities that formed the empire had begun proclaiming their own states. With the empire collapsing, Austrian armies at the front began to weaken. In this environment, Diaz launched a major offensive across the Piave on October 24. Dubbed the Battle of Vittorio Veneto, the fighting saw many of the Austrians mount a stiff defense, but their line collapsed after Italian troops broke through a gap near Sacile. Driving back the Austrians, Diazs campaign concluded a week later on Austrian territory. Seeking an end to the war, the Austrians asked for an armistice on November 3. Terms were arranged and the armistice with Austria-Hungary was signed near Padua that day, taking effect on November 4 at 3:00 PM. German Position After the Spring Offensives The failure of the Spring Offensives cost Germany nearly a million casualties. Though ground had been taken, the strategic breakthrough had failed to occur. As a result, Ludendorff found himself short on troops with a longer line to defend. To make good the losses sustained earlier in the year, the German high command estimated that 200,000 recruits per month would be needed. Unfortunately, even by drawing on the next conscription class, only 300,000 total were available. Though German Chief of Staff General Paul von Hindenburg remained beyond reproach, members of the General Staff began to criticize Ludendorff for his failures in the field and lack of originality in determining strategy. While some officers argued for a withdrawal to the Hindenburg Line, others believed the time had come to open peace negotiations with the Allies. Ignoring these suggestions, Ludendorff remained wedded to the notion of deciding the war through military means despite the fact that the United States had already mobilized four million men. In addition, the British and French, though badly bled, had developed and expanded their tank forces to compensate for numbers. Germany, in a key military miscalculation, had failed to match the Allies in the development of this type of technology. Battle of Amiens Having halted the Germans, Foch and Haig began preparations for striking back. The beginning of the Allies Hundred Days Offensive, the initial blow was to fall east of Amiens to open the rail lines through the city and recover the old Somme battlefield. Overseen by Haig, the offensive was centered on the British Fourth Army. After discussions with Foch, it was decided to include the First French Army to the south. Beginning on August 8, the offensive relied on surprise and the use of armor rather than the typical preliminary bombardment. Catching the enemy off guard, Australian and Canadian forces in the center broke through the German lines and advanced 7-8 miles. By the end of the first day, five German divisions had been shattered. Total German losses numbered over 30,000, leading Ludendorff to refer to August 8 as the Black Day of the German Army. Over the next three days, Allied forces continued their advance, but met increased resistance as the Germans rallied. Halting the offensive on August 11, Haig was chastised by Foch who wished it to continue. Rather than battle increasing German resistance, Haig opened the Second Battle of the Somme on August 21, with the Third Army attacking at Albert. Albert fell the following day and Haig widened the offensive with the Second Battle of Arras on August 26. The fighting saw the British advance as the Germans fell back to the fortifications of the Hindenburg Line, surrendering the gains of Operation Michael. Pushing on to Victory With the Germans reeling, Foch planned a massive offensive which would see several lines of advance converging on Liege. Prior to launching his attack, Foch ordered the reduction of the salients at Havrincourt and Saint-Mihiel. Attacking on September 12, the British quickly reduced the former, while the latter was taken by Pershings US First Army in the first all-American offensive of the war. Shifting the Americans north, Foch used Pershings men to open his final campaign on September 26 when they began the Meuse-Argonne Offensive, where Sergeant Alvin C. York distinguished himself. As the Americans attacked north, King Albert I of Belgium led a combined Anglo-Belgian force forward near Ypres two days later. On September 29, the main British offensive commenced against the Hindenburg Line with the Battle of St. Quentin Canal. After several days of fighting, the British broke through the line on October 8 at the Battle of the Canal du Nord. The German Collapse As events on the battlefield unfolded, Ludendorff suffered a breakdown on September 28. Recovering his nerve, he went to Hindenburg that evening and stated that there was no alternative but to seek an armistice. The next day, the Kaiser and senior members of the government were advised of this at the headquarters in Spa, Belgium. In January 1918, President Wilson had produced Fourteen Points on which an honorable peace guaranteeing future world harmony could be made. It was on the basis of these points that the German government elected to approach the Allies. The German position was further complicated by a deteriorating situation in Germany as shortages and political unrest swept the country. Appointing the moderate Prince Max of Baden as his chancellor, the Kaiser understood that Germany would need to democratize as part of any peace process. Final Weeks At the front, Ludendorff began to recover his nerve and the army, though retreating, was contesting each bit of ground. Advancing, the Allies continued to drive towards the German frontier. Unwilling to give up the fight, Ludendorff composed a proclamation that defied the Chancellor and renounced Wilsons peace proposals. Though retracted, a copy reached Berlin inciting the Reichstag against the army. Summoned to the capital, Ludendorff was compelled to resign on October 26. As the army conducted a fighting retreat, the German High Seas Fleet was ordered to sea for one final sortie on October 30. Rather than sail, the crews broke into mutiny and took to the streets of Wilhelmshaven. By November 3, the mutiny had reached Kiel as well. As revolution swept across Germany, Prince Max appointed moderate General Wilhelm Groener to replace Ludendorff and ensured that any armistice delegation would include civilian as well as military members. On November 7, Prince Max was advised by Friedrich Ebert, leader of the Majority Socialists, that the Kaiser would need to abdicate to prevent an all-out revolution. He passed this on to the Kaiser and on November 9, with Berlin in turmoil, turned the government over Ebert. Peace at Last At Spa, the Kaiser fantasized about turning the army against his own people but was ultimately convinced to step down on November 9. Exiled to Holland, he formally abdicated on November 28. As events unfolded in Germany, the peace delegation, led by Matthias Erzberger crossed the lines. Meeting aboard a railroad car in the Forest of Compià ¨gne, the Germans were presented with Fochs terms for an armistice. These included the evacuation of occupied territory (including Alsace-Lorraine), military evacuation of the west bank of the Rhine, surrender of the High Seas Fleet, surrender of large quantities of military equipment, reparations for war damage, repudiation of the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, as well as acceptance of continuation of the Allied blockade. Informed of the Kaisers departure and the fall of his government, Erzberger was unable to obtain instructions from Berlin. Finally reaching Hindenburg in Spa, he was told to sign at any cost as an armistice was absolutely necessary. Complying, the delegation agreed to Fochs terms after three days of talks and signed between 5:12 and 5:20 AM on November 11. At 11:00 AM the armistice went into effect ending over four years of bloody conflict.

Essay on Morries Gift of Teaching - 633 Words

Sociology Professor Morrie Schwartz-shares his philosophy on the meaning of life and death. Tuesdays with Morrie gives incite of the stages that one goes through while dying; teaching love for humanity, the importance of giving and embracing death. While reading this memoir, tears poured like raindrops as I thought of people in my life that have died-horrified as they were, and how this book would have helped them accept death. I found myself thankful for his teaching, and how I will use Morrie’s gift to incorporate the inevitable-future of friends and family while they too, face death, or perhaps my own. After hearing the news that he had a terminal illness, his first reaction was anger. Morrie: â€Å"Shouldn’t the world stop?†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦show more content†¦Mitch after seeing his professor on the news felt a tremendous amount of regret. Sixteen years had passed since he spoke with his coach, not a phone call, letter, he had done nothing. Thoughts echoed of his promise to stay in-touch with his professor but now there was nothing that he could do, but the feeling he had was washed away when he looked at Morrie’s loving and gentle smile (p27, 168). I believe that Mitch didn’t accept Morrie’s death until his last Tuesday, and he seemed to be in denial because when he would visit Morrie, he acted like everything was normal (186). During an interview with Ted Koppel, Morrie said that he was bargaining with God; he wanted to know if he could be an angel (163). Morrie was worried about the bills that were piling up so he wanted to make sure that his last class was finished before his death. Even though Morrie knew he had an illness that was slowly crippling him, he still seemed to live life with no regard to his withering body. He still drove, taught class, went to the YMCA knowing that he couldn’t dress himself-he lived as if everything was normal. It wasn’t until he stood in front of his class and explained that he had a fatal illness, and that he might not make it through the semester. It was then, Morrie’s diseaseShow MoreRelatedSummary Of Morrie s Greatest Quality943 Words   |  4 PagesMorrie’s greatest quality was â€Å"generativity, or the desire to help and mentor younger persons† which, â€Å"may be the most critical variable for achieving ego integrity† (Hooyman Kiyak, 2011, p. 217). Morrie had always helped others because he was a teacher; however, he went above and beyond teaching as he mentored individuals and created a vast number of friends throughout his life. His final desire to perpetuate the acts of his l ife by having a book written demonstrate his willingness to continueRead MoreEssay on Morrie Schwartz771 Words   |  4 Pageshe is slowly dying, and a disease is taking over his body. Morrie Schwartz was Mitch Alboms college professor more than twenty years ago. We are first introduced to Morrie while Mitch is flipping through the television channels and suddenly hears Morrie’s name. Mitch had not heard from his from professor for years and had not tried to get in touch with the professor, so the news he heard next from the screen was a shock. Morrie Schwartz, his college professor had been diagnosed with Amyotrophic LateralRead MoreReflection on Tuesdays With Morrie Essay1757 Words   |  8 PagesReflection on Tuesdays With Morrie Tuesdays With Morrie is a heart-touching story of a retired Brandeis University sociology professor, Morrie Schwartz, teaching some of life’s greatest lessons to a former student, Mitch Albom, the author. Mitch, on his graduation from Brandeis University had promised to keep in touch with his favorite professor, Morrie Schwartz. But he never did until Morrie was dying. Morrie was diagnosed with Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS); a severe debilitating diseaseRead MoreTuesday with Morrie2551 Words   |  11 Pagesan end. Mitch considers it a privilege meeting someone who teaches about life and offers solutions to life challenges. As Morrie happens to meet with Mitch, his past student and friend, they plan to start meeting on Tuesdays and Mitch is to go to Morrie’s home. They get into the discussions for fourteen Tuesdays where they discuss life issues such family, death, marriage, love, money among others. Morrie dies and he is buried on a Tuesday. The discussions of e ach Tuesday are analyzed to reveal the

P1 Describe The Technologies Required For E Commerce

P1: - Describe the technologies required for e-commerce Introduction: - in this task I am going to develop an information guide for ‘The Dream Tin’, a business considering whether or not to trade using e-commerce. I will describe the purpose of the e-commerce and many other things. Also I will provide some examples of the different types of services and products. e-commerce: - EC is buying and selling the items by using the electronic network like Internet. Seller can sell the product on the internet and they will get the money through the internet and that is call E-commerce.in e-commerce business transaction can happen either customer to business, business to business, and customer to customer. Example of different types of product which can sell via e-commerce. As you can see in above picture that seller scan everything by using this type of website and they will get money by e-commerce. Different types of service As you can see in above picture that they are providing the online chatting service and also they are providing many more services as you can see in above picture. As you can see in above picture that they are providing the refund and retune service for the customer, also they are providing the payment option. They are providing next day delivery service for the customer. Web servers What hardware is required to run a web server? 5 Concurrent Users †¢ 1GHz+ CPU †¢ 512MB RAM †¢ 20MB database space †¢ 300MB disk space 25 Concurrent Users †¢ DualShow MoreRelatedP1 Describe The Technologies Required For E Commerce1664 Words   |  7 Pages Assignment 1 Client information P1 Describe the technologies required for e-commerce The technologies required for an e-commerce are as follows: server software, pc, and database, web authoring tools, web server, ports, TCP/IP and the browsers. I will be explaining why these technologies are required for an e-commerce. 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So, in this case, the system like WINet is referred to BI application. lt;Read MoreDecision Support and Business Intelligence Systems 9th Edition Ch12 Exercise5903 Words   |  24 Pagesby associated costs and incomes[wikipedia]. BI try to support better dicision making for business administration. Especially, BI uses technologies, processes, and applications to analyze information. In a broad sense, BI can be included in DSS. DSS is considered to decision making for the scale enterprised. BI is tended to focuse on a specific information technology which can report the results of analysis more than DSS. 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The Olympic Olympics At The 1988 Seoul Olympics Essay

The 100m final during the 1988 Seoul Olympics, went from being called the greatest race in history to the dirtiest race in history over a time period of 24 hours. Ben Johnson Bronze medalist at the 1984 Los Angeles Olympic Games, Gold Medal at the Rome World championships in 1987 and a former record holder for the 100m sprints and now a permanent dent in the history of Canadian and Olympic history after he tested positive for the anabolic steroid Stanozol, at the 1988 Seoul Olympic games. The event everyone had been waiting for at the Seoul Olympics was that of the 100 meter final where spectators and fans would be able to who the fastest man alive was. The Rivalry between Carl Lewis and Ben Johnson had been built up after many years of close competition most notably since the 1984 Los Angeles Olympics where Carl Lewis winning gold for America and Ben Johnson winning bronze for Canada. When Ben Johnson won the 100 meter final at the world championship in Rome he had beaten Carl Lewis five times before and gained a world record. This caused him to become very popular with the media and in Canada with people seeing him as a new hope for Canadian sports after their embarrassment at the Montreal Olympics in 1976 with Canada being the first country to hold the Games and not win a single gold medal. After Rome Carl and Ben both set their sights on The Zurich track and field meet on August the 17, which was only a month out from the Seoul Olympics. Before this meet, however, Show MoreRelatedImpact Of 2012 Olympics On Hospitality Essay1721 Words   |  7 Pages2012 Olympics and its impact on the hospitality industry of London. Research Background / Context On 6th July’ 2005 London was selected as the host city for the 2012 summer Olympic and Paralympics Games. 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Coefficient of Friction Free Essays

Coefficient of Friction Lab Abstract The resisted force that acted along the tangent of two surfaces that were in contact was called friction. Friction was opposed to motion, and it acted in the opposite direction, where the surface of the object slid against the surface of the other object. The two types of friction that exist were called static friction and kinetic friction. We will write a custom essay sample on Coefficient of Friction or any similar topic only for you Order Now When two surfaces are at rest with each other, but a push is caused to convey one of the surfaces to slide over the other was called static friction. However, the friction that was used in the lab was kinetic friction. Kinetic friction occurred when two surface were moving with contact to each other. The coefficient of kinetic friction is a constant shown as ? k. The kinetic frictional force (fk) was given by the following equation: (fk= ? kN), where N represented the normal force, which was the force that each body exerts on the other body, and acts perpendicular to each surface. The way that friction force is calculated is by the followed calculation: Ff=? FN, where (? ) was the coefficient of friction and (FN) was the normal force. Now in order to pinpoint the force of friction, the coefficient of friction should be figured out first. Now the way that the coefficient of friction was retrieved, the tension force (FT) was divided by the weight (Fg). An inclined plane that has an angle of ? was adjusted as shown in the following diagram: 2 If the block was placed on the plane, and the angle was slowly increased, the block would have began to slip at some angle. Now the normal force (N) acted perpendicularly to the plane, and a component of the weight of the block, acted in the opposite direction. Though when the angle is increased, the more force it took for the block to slide against another surface. So as the angle was increased, the friction cultivates, but when the angles decreased, so did the friction. 1 Now some of the factors that can affect friction are the body surfaces. For the friction depends on the smoothness of the surface where the objects have touched. Now with the smoothness only to a degree has made friction decrease. Friction never depended on the amount of surface that there was given, but it does depend on the magnitude of forces holding the bodies. 1 Methods Inclined plane was placed at a zero angle position so the pulley protrudes over the table edge Mass of the wooden block was determined to the nearest tenth of a gram. String was attached to the wooden block, over the pulley and to the weight of the hanger. Orientation of the string was adjusted so that it was parallel to the plane. The planes have differed in their smoothness. Surface must clean and dry. Masses were added to the hanger until the wooden block moved at constant velocity after it was tapped lightly. The total weight (FT) was recorded in the table for data. The result of the weight hangers and the masses on the hangers was total force pulling. All weights are in the proper units (Newtons)). By have added different masses on top of the wooden block (Fg), step 4 was repeated for several different total weights. Plane must be inclined at some angle between five and twenty degrees. Step 4 was repeated. Total weight was recorded. This was the tension (FT) at angle ?. Investigation was continued by an additional experiment that was planned, which compared how the angle affected the coefficient of friction. (An extra table must be included on this data. Data Analysis OFg(block)=FNFT(force of g on masses)=N ? 0328g=3. 2144N1. 4N. 44 0351. 8g=3. 44764N1. 4N. 41 0540. 9g=5. 3N1. 5N. 28 0573. 8g=5. 6N1. 7N. 30 0614g=6. 0N1. 9N. 32 0611. 4g=6. 5N1. 9N. 29 5 20 degreesF_gF_NActualTheoreticalAverage 153283. 2N2. 1N1. 9N0. 34 10368. 63. 6N1. 6N1. 8N0. 34 Sample Calculations: Sample calculation for Force in Newtons for Fg: 328(0. 001)(9. 8)=3. 2N Sample calculation for  µ: (FT/Fg)=1. 4/3. 2=. 44 Percent errors: Percent error for 15? :(|1. 9-2. 1|)/1. 9 x 100=10. 5% Percent error for 10? :(|1. 8-1. 6|)/1. 8 X 100=11. % Discussion The computed theoretical value of FT was slightly off for both 10 15 degrees. The resulted percent error for 10? was just slightly over 11% and for 15? it was a bit over 10%. The outcomes could have been different due to the fact of friction, which could have not been calculated correctly when the block had faultless constant velocity, however, the values were nearly r elated. Now the relationships between the graphs shown above seems to prove that the variables which are indicated seem to be directly proportional to each other and the graphs, â€Å"†Force vs. Coefficient of Friction† â€Å"Force of Block vs. Force of Tension are very similar. † It seems to be that the block was conveying at a constant speed in order to have given calculated the friction precisely. Now if the block were not to be moving with constant velocity then friction wouldn’t be steady, and if it wasn’t then there was not an precise calculation for the coefficient of friction. Now not having a smooth surface can cause an error, which causes the block to decrease and speed up. Now in order to repair this error, there must be a real smoothed surface where the experiment will be performed. The string sticking on to the pulley can be know as another error because it could cause the movement of the block not to be smooth as it would be predicted in this experiment. The solution of this error would be to put something on the string, so that it may slide efficiently. Conclusion The conclusion of this experiment seems that everything seems to be similar and in order. The percent errors that was given for 10? was 11. 1% and the percent error for 15? was 10. 5%, meaning that the theoretical value and actual value for the tension were nearly the same. Now the average value for the coefficient of friction ( µ) was 0. 34. How to cite Coefficient of Friction, Papers

I Am a Lion free essay sample

Sometimes I see myself as a fierce lion. The king of the jungle. No worries, no regrets. Brave, bold, courageous†¦fearless. You got a problem? You come see me—I’m there. I got your back. I am strong. I am rock solid. I am a lion. But I can’t always be there for everyone†¦can I? Her name was Amanda. I’ve known her since kindergarten. We shared our blocks, raced to the playground, studied together—and grew together. She was my best friend. Was. Like most girls, best friends come and go. Life rolls along. The business of a teenager crowds your life, clutters your thoughts. Before long, Amanda was just another stranger in the hallway. Looking back, I wish we had stayed closer. A lion has no regrets†¦ Realizing we were drifting apart, Amanda craved spending more time with me. But being in high school, having a job, and spending all my extra time with closer friends made it impossible. We will write a custom essay sample on I Am a Lion or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Occasionally, arranged a date to catch up with one another, but something would inevitably interfere. A king of the jungle is busy†¦ Knowing our senior-year’s summer was ahead of us, Amanda was determined to find some time when I wasn’t working, or I didn’t have to study, or I wasn’t too busy. But all of her attempts were in vain. I kept pushing her aside, putting her on the bottom of my â€Å"things-to-do† list. A lion can’t always be there†¦ It was a Tuesday evening when I received a call from my dad. â€Å"Honey, I have horrible news.† Hearing this made me quiver. He wasn’t speaking in his usual â€Å"hey! I’m Mr. Comical† voice. He explained a message was delivered to all the parents at my high school. A young lady by the name of Amanda was killed in a car accident at 1:30P.M. that day. I couldn’t breathe. I couldn’t speak. I couldn’t cry. I was in shock. Why did this happen? She was so young. This can’t be real. It can’t be. It was all too overwhelming. Too devastating. A lion is brave†¦ a lion is strong†¦ Am I still a lion when I am alone? Losing a friend is never easy. A best friend, an acquaintance, or a family member—it all is difficult. It’s been three months since the accident. Yes, I cried. Sometimes this lion will cry. To this day, there is a part of me that grieves and wishes I spent more time with her when I could have. Sometimes this lion has regrets. Although it’s too late to change the past, it’s not too late to grow from it. Amanda’s death made me realize I must live each day to the fullest. I must tell the people I care about that I love them. I must use the time I have here on this earth, to make it enriching, fulfilling, and beautiful. Amanda made me grow. With each passing day I am getting one step closer to becoming that fierce lion. The king of the jungle. No worries. No regrets†¦

Obesity Using Mobile Wireless Technologies â€Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Obesity Using Mobile Wireless Technologies? Answer: Introducation Among the different health conditions making it to the headlines in recent times, childhood obesity is one. A considerable amount of concern is building up regarding the high prevalence rate of childhood obesity across the globe since the impact of obesity is adverse. Childhood obesity refers to the condition in which excess amount of body fat interferes with the health and well being of the child, leading to negative health outcomes (Cheung et al., 2016). Nutritional interventions have been in the limelight as a suitable approach towards this spurring epidemic. Though the introduction of a nutritional intervention would be marked by challenges, manipulation of the nutrient profile would be pivotal (Bailey et al., 2015). The present essay would focus on nutrition interventions to be delivered to the children of Jakarta, Indonesia, for addressing the emergence of obesity and diabetes as a health problem. The paper would describe the epidemiology of child and adolescent obesity and the present programs in the country. Strategies would be described, and a package of interventions would be outlined that would be implemented for reducing childhood obesity. The objectives and key elements of the intervention package would be mentioned along with the approach for implementing them. The effectiveness of such interventions would be supported by literature. The development of the program would be guided by partnerships with the community to ensure its success. The high prevalence of childhood obesity in Jakarta, Indonesia, a middle-income country, has sparked concerns. The number of children becoming overweight and obese due to an unhealthy diet has been raising concerns since the children are at high risk of long-term degenerative diseases. As per the reports of triennial research that was undertaken by the Health Ministry, there had been an increase in the rate of childhood obesity from 2010 to 2013. In 2013, results of the survey indicated that prevalence of childhood obesity for children between 5-12 years was 30.1 percent which was quite shocking. This percentage was higher in comparison to the national average of 18.8 percent (Wardhani, 2014). According to Cahyaningrum et al., (2016) childhood obesity in Jakarta was not limited to children coming from the middle-class families and upper-class families. The lower-class families also engage in feeding unhealthy food to the children, and this is a rising trend at present. The fact that excess body weight leads to diabetes and gallstones among other severe diseases such as brain disease and cardiovascular disease is undermined. Indonesia has been taking steps in the past few years to combat the growing concerns of childhood obesity, but not much has been done. The nutrition status of children has drawn the focus for imparting education. The staged approaches have been a failure due to a number of reasons, though they have attempted to focus on the whole community. Future health interventions need to focus on broader aspects integrated into the community, and more specific approaches are required at present. More cost-effective approach is warranted that could reduce the burden (Rachmi et al., 2017). Nutritional interventions for weight loss and prevention of obesity have been popular in research and practice and have generated a great interest of public health organisations. As energy balance is the cornerstone of weight control, nutritional uptake that limits certain macronutrients or food items are emerging. The basic premise is to have a balanced diet that meets the requirements for body functioning. The willingness to adopt diverse interventions are to be utilised for coming up with novice interventional strategies. As inadequately researched approaches underline the long-standing struggle for preventing obesity, more effective methods are required. It is imperative to have a proper understanding of the efficacy and long-term sustainability of approaches for preventing childhood and adolescent obesity (Spark et all., 2015). A multicomponent nutrition guidance would be the suggested nutrition intervention for addressing childhood obesity in Jakarta. With the help of nutrition education theories, the suggested intervention would be a digital-based guidance system that would target first-time mothers to prevent obesity during the first two years. The multicomponent nutrition guidance system would include digitally based educational tools and content in addition to telephone-based professional support from registered dietitian nutritionists and certified lactation consultants. The educational content would be based on principles of nutrition that prevents childhood obesity. The content would aim at providing the much-required instruction and knowledge so that the facilitators and barriers associated with successful impartment of knowledge are addressed adequately. The tools would aim at helping mothers maintain behaviours within core nutritional messages. Telephone-based support would help mothers to reinfo rce content delivered to them and maintain these content. Contacting the dietician or lactation consultant through scheduling an appointment or calling up on the toll-free number would be a suitable approach. These components maintain consistency with the theoretical framework of behaviour change and the tools and educational content address the underlying theoretical constructs making a deep impact on behavioural adaptation (Turner et al., 2015). The proposed intervention would have a content team that would comprise paediatricians, researchers in nutrition, registered dietician nutritionists who would be experts is childhood nutrition for the formulation of the content and delivery of the digital-based intervention. Inputs are to be taken from the consumer communication professionals, academic advisory board and creative agency. Collaboration between the cited professionals would be pivotal for the success of the intervention. Clear communication between the experts for appropriate exchange of ideas and information is crucial. The registered dietician nutritionists would be working in a preventive role for combating obesity and be responsible for overseeing the complete intervention package. Inimitably, dietitians are known to utilise the recent and evidence-based public health research on food and health from which practical guidance tools are developed. The aim they have is to help individuals make appropriate food choices .The interaction with the professionals would be beneficial for the mothers as they would get the counselling and support require for acquiring skills in relation to child feeding and development of food habits. The recruitment of the professionals would be based on their academic qualifications, experiences, skills and aptitude. Leadership skills are to be demonstrated throughout the intervention process, therefore, resources are to be allocated to enable the professionals to showcase the same (Dooley et al., 2017). The tools and content would include emails, videos, articles, infographics, quizzes, interactive and printable trackers and a tool for goal setting. Content needs to be divided into different modules and be delivered in a continuous manner over the two years time frame. Theoretical constructs would include social norms and behaviour beliefs; outcome evaluation and attitudes; self-efficacy and improvement through social modelling; relevant knowledge; behavioural capability. The successive step would to prioritise the most significant messages, and each of these are to be presented at each stage of intervention. The last stage would be to create the final copies of educational material with suitable headings, photo images to be imparted. Emails are to be sent to the mothers to notify them about the timing of the next module to be delivered. Periodical reminders would assist in using the websites in which the materials would be available. Text messages are also to be sent, and both emai ls and text messages would be sent to those who would opt to receive them on the basis of the birthdate of the baby. The interactive digital tools would include a menu planner and a growth tracker. The growth tracker would have the aim of supporting a self-monitoring approach and for this case, a maternal monitoring approach. The mothers would be able to input the weight of the child at any point in time and track the weight-for-length percentile. The goal setting tool would help mothers to achieve the self-directed larger goals through performing smaller tasks. The menu planner would enable mothers to plan the meals given to the babies as per a list of the nutritious meal provided. The menu planner could be changed from an infant only use one to family use one so that parents can mode healthy eating for their babies. Printable, non-interactive tool would also be available together with a breastfeeding tracker and taste tracker (Eldredge et al., 2017). On the basis of the anticipatory guidance framework, an anticipatory and sequential timing of delivery would be incorporated. The educational tools and content would be delivered every two months for the compete set of modules which can be termed as Buillding Blocks. These Buiding Blocks would be delivered at the time of the third trimester of pregnancy, just after delivery, at every 2 months until the child is 22 months of age. When a mother enrols herself in the intervention, the upcoming Buiding Blocks are locked from being viewed until the appropriate age is attained. The valuable option of consulting a lactation consultant or a dietician would be encouraged throughout the time frame. The nutrition guidance system would utilise only vehicles based on digital technology for delivery of tools and content on nutrition education. A website would be the ordnance of the tools and content and would house the online-scheduling system so that mothers can make appointments with the support team. In addition, the website would be optimised for application on the mobile device (Hebden et al., 2014). Thakkar et al., (2017) opined that person-to-person intervention formats, such as home-based consultation, group education and clinic-based consultations had been widely used till date for the promotion of healthy growth and dietary patterns of children. Though some studies have shown the success of these types of interventions, the limitations of these have been widely discussed. Weight status changes have been marked in some studies; however, the delivery formats have the restrictions that lead to global and national scale-up resource draining, time-consuming and less effective thereby. Ruel et al., (2013) point out that interventions that are clinic-based are limited by the absence of provider time. In addition, insufficient provider training is a problem as nutrition counselling is ineffective. Some individuals might also have the preconceived notion that education as a public health approach is not a part of the scope of work of the provider. Group education settings are continu ously been criticised since they ar plagued by poor attendance, the reasons for which include childcare responsibilities and transport facility. Lastly, home-based interventions might have a nurse who is trained in the field visiting the homes of new mothers, the resources required for this purpose need special hiring and training for utilisation. A large pool of staff is to be trained and the cost of travelling to the homes are also high. Therefore scale-up entails a higher cost for overcoming the limitations and achieving sufficient dose, coverage, and fidelity. Maintainance of the interventions is a complicated matter, therefore. Milani et al., (2017) have highlighted that interventions, when delivered on the digital platform, are more accepted and are more effective for the population being targeted. Digital-based interventions are useful for bringing about behavioural modifications in populations in relation to weight and physical activity. The authors tested a smartphone and website based intervention for improving parenting behaviours, and breastfeeding found the effectiveness of the same. The major areas where improvements have been marked are newborn care, parenting style in relation to feeding habits, toddler safety and maternal education level of nutrition. Digital-based education is also present in maternal and chid health program in the US and Netherlands such as Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) and the Text4Baby program, and HelloWorld email-based program in the two countries respectively. Media trends at the contemporary society indicate a shift towards the use of digital media from the use of print media. Internet media has been proved to be the only media among newspaper, TV, radio, email and cell phone, whose use increases after a woman becomes a mother. Mothers tend to spend more time on the internet in comparison to the general population. Research also indicates that greater health information seeking attitude can be seen online. If a survey is to be conducted, the results would indicate that half of the total number of mothers would report seeking parenting related information including nutrition from different internet sources. Advice on how to develop proper nutritional habits in children are sought using the tablet or mobile phone. A digital intervention that is well-designed has all the possibility of being a cost-effective intervention when compared to other formats of intervention delivery (Brownson et al., 2017). The likelihood that the presently proposed intervention would be effective in engaging the targeted population is therefore high. The achievement of behavioural adoption is likely. In addition, most of the cost for developing the digital-based intervention is non-recurring, therefore the costs of maintaining them is minimal. When the intervention is scaled up and the number of members increases, the a dditional cost is negligible. The target for the proposed intervention in the form of nutrition guidance system would be first-time mothers in Jakarta. The system would be such made that it would be applicable to individuals coming from a wide range of income groups as well as educational levels. Socioeconomic groups have diversity in them, and this aspect would also be addressed. The multicomponent nutrition guidance system proposed hereby would have the capacity to be disseminated to diverse global contexts. Funding is an essential component of all intervention programs across communities. In Indonesia, the government has shown a proactiveness in funding programs that target a wider audience for a serious public health concern. Though there are different possible funding sources, access to funds has been a major problem. Given that the proposed intervention has a number of advantages and key benefits, financial aid is expected from the government so that the implementation phase is successful. As a response to the rapidly increasing prevalence of childhood obesity, budgetary allocations would be the cornerstone of bringing about the expected positive change. Convergence and complementation of resources and efforts among the different stakeholders would be highly solicited. Evaluation of the program can be done with a robustly designed clinical trial. If the evaluation is successful in extracting maximal information aligned with the objectives of the intervention, the proposed system can be scaled up to the proportions that is deemed fit for impacting a sustainable change in the objectives of the intervention pertaining to promotion of healthy nutrition in the first 1000 days (Brownson et a, 2017). From the above discussion, it is found that childhood obesity is a key problem faced by Jakarta, the capital city of Indonesia, as the prevalence rate is growing significantly. Interventions delivered at present have not bene successful to the desirable extent to lower the rate of childhood obesity. The outlines strategies would produce noteworthy weight loss and improvements in metabolic risk factors among the children and adolescents. The tools and the content that has been suggested above would be applicable to diverse audiences, making the impact more profound as compared to the present interventions of the country. The multicomponent features would be appropriate to different contexts and would foster a heathy growth for children. It can be expected that with the proposed intervention delivered in a timely manner and with adequate resource allocation childhood obesity would be better handled in the near future. Reduced healthcare costs and patient outcomes would reflect this dra stic positive change that is much awaited. References Bailey, K., Cunningham, C., Pemberton, J., Rimas, H., Morrison, K. M. (2015). Understanding Academic Clinicians' Decision Making for the Treatment of Childhood Obesity.Childhood Obesity,11(6), 696-706. Brownson, R. C., Baker, E. A., Deshpande, A. D., Gillespie, K. N. (2017).Evidence-based public health. Oxford University Press. Cahyaningrum, F., Permadhi, I., Ansari, M. R., Prafiantini, E., Rachman, P. H., Agustina, R. (2016). Dietary optimisation with omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids for 12-23-month-old overweight and obese children in urban Jakarta.Asia Pacific journal of clinical nutrition,25(S1), s62-s74. Cheung, P. C., Cunningham, S. A., Narayan, K. V., Kramer, M. R. (2016). Childhood obesity incidence in the United States: a systematic review.Childhood Obesity,12(1), 1-11. Dooley, D., Moultrie, N. M., Sites, E., Crawford, P. B. (2017). Primary care interventions to reduce childhood obesity and sugar?sweetened beverage consumption: Food for thought for oral health professionals.Journal of Public Health Dentistry,77(S1). Eldredge, L. K. B., Markham, C. M., Ruiter, R. A., Kok, G., Parcel, G. S. (2016).Planning health promotion programs: an intervention mapping approach. John Wiley Sons. Hebden, L., Cook, A., Ploeg, H. P., King, L., Bauman, A., Allman?Farinelli, M. (2014). A mobile health intervention for weight management among young adults: a pilot randomised controlled trial.Journal of human nutrition and dietetics,27(4), 322-332. Milani, R. V., Lavie, C. J., Bober, R. M., Milani, A. R., Ventura, H. O. (2017). Improving hypertension control and patient engagement using digital tools.The American journal of medicine,130(1), 14-20. Rachmi, C. N., Li, M., Baur, L. A. (2017). Overweight and obesity in Indonesia: prevalence and risk factorsa literature review.Public Health,147, 20-29. Ruel, M. T., Alderman, H., Maternal and Child Nutrition Study Group. (2013). Nutrition-sensitive interventions and programmes: how can they help to accelerate progress in improving maternal and child nutrition?.The Lancet,382(9891), 536-551. Spark, A., Dinour, L. M., Obenchain, J. (2015).Nutrition in public health: principles, policies, and practice. CRC Press. Thakkar, J., Barry, T., Thiagalingam, A., Redfern, J., McEwan, A. L., Rodgers, A., Chow, C. K. (2016). Design considerations in development of a mobile health intervention program: the TEXT ME and TEXTMEDS experience.JMIR mHealth and uHealth,4(4). Turner, T., Spruijt?Metz, D., Wen, C. F., Hingle, M. D. (2015). Prevention and treatment of pediatric obesity using mobile and wireless technologies: a systematic review.Pediatric obesity,10(6), 403-409. Wardhani, D. (2014). High prevalence of child obesity in Jakarta sparks concerns.The Jakarta Post. [online] Available at: https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2014/10/22/issue-day-child-obesity-jakarta-sparks-concerns.html [Accessed 24 Sep. 2017].