Posttraumatic Stress Disorder ( Ptsd ) - 1176 Words

Posttraumatic Stress Disorder(commonly known as PTSD) is disorder that occurs after an event which has had a traumatizing effect on an individual. A traumatizing event would include life threatening events, emotionally traumatic events, terrifying events, and even rape. The effects of PTSD are anxiety, violent rages, consistent nightmares, and terrifying flashbacks. Symptoms of PTSD usually emerge after 3 months after the incident, but symptoms can also be evident even years later. Individuals that experience a traumatic event are most likely to develop PTSD. There are five different types of PTSD. These types include: Normal Stress Response, Acute Stress Disorder, Uncomplicated PTSD, Comorbid PTSD, And Complex PTSD. Normal Stress Response(NSR) can occur in adults who have been in a single traumatizing event. Examples can include divorce, loss of job, and loss of a loved one. People with NSR often experience feelings of unreality, numbing of emotions, and stress. Typically, these peo ple tend to push away others. This type of PTSD can be easily overcome by engaging in small groups and having positive conversations. The second type of PTSD is Acute Stress Disorder(ASD). This type of PTSD usually occurs within a month of a severe traumatic stressor. For example, it could be a death of a loved one, a threat of some kind to the individual, whether it be to oneself or another. The symptoms of this type can range from feeling numb to insomnia and even having flashbacks.Show MoreRelatedPosttraumatic Stress Disorder ( Ptsd )994 Words   |  4 PagesPosttraumatic stress disorder, also known as PTSD, is a psychological problem that according to Nebraska Department of Veterans’ Affairs, in 2007, 7.8 percent of Americans will experience at some point in their lives. Posttraumatic stress disorder has a range of symptoms that affects the life of the person who suffers from the disorder and close friends and family. However, there is hope for the person suffering from PTSD and six different theoretical models to choose from. Posttraumatic stressRead MorePosttraumatic Stress Disorder ( Ptsd )2353 Words   |  10 PagesIndividuals that show to have Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) are significantly affected both mentally and emotionally due to the exposure to a traumatic event. PTSD is a life-long disorder that is being seen diagnosed more and more among returning soldiers and sexually-violated individuals. Because of its increased detection, the importance of constructing effective treatments for individuals living with PTSD is becoming increasingly recognized. Although effectively treating PTSD has shown to be ratherRead MorePtsd And Posttraumatic Stress Disorder1216 Words   |  5 PagesPTSD or Posttraumatic Stress Disorder is a growing concern with our returning soldiers. As technology is advancing, battles are becoming more and more gruesome. The scars from defending your country are not only physical. Some scars may not be visible, but are even more dangerous. The trauma imbedded in these men and women’s heads will cause pain for them and their entire family. The dictionary definition of PTSD is a serious condition that can develop after a person has experienced or witnessedRead MorePosttraumatic Stress Disorder ( Ptsd )1260 Words   |  6 PagesPosttraumatic Stress Disorder In today society, many people go through many tragic events in a life time. One of the most common disorders is posttraumatic stress disorder. This disorder is can be exposed to violent events such as rape, child abuse, war, domestic violence. This disorder thought to be only on war veterans who have been involved in combat. But this disorder is not only limited to soldiers but to any person. Anybody can go through posttraumatic stress disorder who has had horribleRead MorePosttraumatic Stress Disorder ( Ptsd )3006 Words   |  13 PagesPosttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a debilitating psychiatric disorder that may occur in some people following a traumatic event. PTSD and depression often coexist due to the similar characteristics of PTSD and depression as well as the nature of a traumatic event inducing PTSD as well as depressive symptoms per DSM-5 guidelines. PTSD has been noted to coexist with diabetes as well in several research studies. The etiology, prevalence, and symp toms of PTSD, depression and PTSD associated withRead MorePosttraumatic Stress Disorder ( Ptsd )2078 Words   |  9 Pagesadults who experience traumatic events this year will go on to develop Posttraumatic Stress Disorder. It is estimated that 31 million United States citizens are suffering from the disorder at any given moment. Posttraumatic Stress Disorder is one of the world’s most prominent psychological issues, despite the fact that several people are not even familiar with its name. Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) is an anxiety disorder that may occur after experiencing traumatizing events or being involvedRead MorePosttraumatic Stress Disorder ( Ptsd )1514 Words   |  7 PagesDescription Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) is defined as â€Å"a condition that generates waves of anxiety, anger, aggression, depression and suspicion; threatens a person’s sense of self; and interferes with daily life functioning† (Smeltzer, Bare, Hinkle Cheever, 2010, p. 99). As human beings, we are built with different type of emotions and feelings that can endanger us or benefit us. When faced with a traumatic life event, an individual will either overcome the event and become strongerRead MorePosttraumatic Stress Disorder ( Ptsd )1402 Words   |  6 Pages Posttraumatic Growth in Relation to Resilience Trauma is common but not all survivors experience posttraumatic stress disorder(PTSD). In the National Comorbidity Survey, trauma exposure rates exceeded 50%, yet lifetime PTSD was estimated at 7.8% (Kessler, Sonnega, Bromet, Hughes, Nelson,1995). These ï ¬ ndings have been replicated and found to be consistent suggesting that most people exposed to trauma can retain a stable equilibrium without reactive psychopathology (Bonanno, 2004; Bonanno,GaleaRead MorePosttraumatic Stress Disorder ( Ptsd ) Essay2002 Words   |  9 PagesPosttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a prevalent trauma and stress related disorder (Narrow, et al 2002). In Australia, 7.2% of population who belong to the 16-85 years old group have suffered from PTSD (McEvoy, et al 2011). A statistic also revealed that 4.6% of males and 8.3% of females have been suffering PTSD for over 12 months (Australia Bureau of Statistics 2007), hence, it is obvious that PTSD is a serious mental disorder. This essay is going to e xplore the diagnostic criteria of PTSD,Read MorePosttraumatic Stress Disorder ( Ptsd )1275 Words   |  6 PagesPosttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) can be defined as â€Å" a complex disorder in which a person’s memory, emotional responses, intellectual process, and nervous system have been disrupted by one or more traumatic experiences†(Swan Persis, 2016). It is trauma and stressor related, a disorder that depends on a factor outside a person. Types of events that can lead to the development of PTSD include physical assault, rape and sexual assault, military combat, torture, mass violence, natural disasters

The Energy Crisis Of Nuclear Energy - 1334 Words

their energy crisis. A study conducted in 2009 states that nuclear energy prices for electricity is $0.21/kWh, while wind power energy and solar photovoltaic panels can cost only $0.05-0.10/kWh (as cited in Shrader-Frechette (2011 p103)). The price comparison between energy sources show that nuclear energy is not the only effective option to solve the energy crisis. Furthermore, the effectiveness of the amount of dollar spent on nuclear energy is not very high compared to wind power. According to Shrader-Frechette (2011 p103), one dollar invested in wind energy will generate up to 100 times the energy invested in nuclear energy. The comparison describes that nuclear energy is very ineffective and that wind power is the most efficient source of energy. Wind power and the increasing efficiencies of current process to produce energy will deter the use of nuclear energy in Europe. One reason for the development of better energy alternative is due to the high risk of nuclear accidents. A nuclear power plant in a country with a small land area is very risky. With the current development in urban areas, nuclear accidents can instantly destroy an environment and cause economic activities of a region to stop. According to Makhijani et al, researchers for Institute of Energy and Environmental research, nuclear power plants are very expensive to insure which implies to the high risk it carries. Normally, it is calculated that 1 in 5 commercial reactors will experience a lifetime-coreShow MoreRelatedNuclear Power And The Energy Crisis1474 Words   |  6 PagesNuclear Power: The Solution to the Energy Crisis For the first time in history, the human race has the ability to drastically alter the Earth, Ever since the Industrial Revolution, where human technology and population began to increase exponentially, the environment has steadily been in decline. This is due to several factors: pollution, human expansion, and rapid use of natural resources are a few. One of the biggest problems in the world as a whole faces today is the rising energy crisis. InRead MoreNuclear Energy Should Not Be The Solution For Our Energy Crisis1252 Words   |  6 PagesNuclear energy should not be the solution for our energy crisis problem because of the catastrophic possibilities it may cause. About 20% of our nation’s electrical use is supplied by nuclear power per year. It is a main source of energy because of how cheap and effective it is and the government has declared it â€Å"safe†. Several countries are starting to increase their dependence on nuclear energy because of its high energy output and the power to bring electricity to everyone’s home. Although nuclearRead MoreIs Nuclear Energy a Solution to the Energy Crisis? (in South Africa)4447 Words   |  18 PagesIS NUCLEAR ENERGY A SOLUTION TO THE ENERGY CRISIS? Contents * Abstract * Introduction * Report * Conclusion * Bibliography * Appendix Abstract Nuclear energy could be the future of energy and potentially solve the energy crisis problem. Nuclear energy is a sustainable energy source and it can provide millions of times the amount of energy output from a fixed mass of fuel than any other energy source, such as fossil fuel, for the same mass of fuel.Read MoreIs Nuclear Energy Answer to the Energy Crisis by Albert You1571 Words   |  7 Pages(Albert) Is nuclear power the answer to the energy crisis? Submission Date: 29/8/2012 Required Length: 1250-1500 Actual Length: 1291 Introduction It is frequently said that nuclear energy is cheaper, safer and more efficient than fossil fuels, and without the effects on air pollution, so it is often seen as a solution to the energy crisis. In 2000, approximately a sixth of the global electricity power was provided by nuclear power. (Boyle, G et al 2003) However, over the last year, there hasRead MoreSuper Hero Who Will Save The World1372 Words   |  6 PagesMy dear child, I have a very important mission for you. You are going to be super hero who will save the world. Our planet is on the edge right now, soon we will be faced with very serious crisis. Energy crisis. We use energy every day and it’s very hard to imagine our world with out of electricity. Can you imagine, that one-day electricity may become as expensive as gold and we won’t be able to use it on regular basis, like we do now. And this day might be coming soon. So let’s imagine that we areRead MoreEssay on Energy Crisis1570 Words   |  7 PagesEnergy Crisis Energy is important to our nation for many reasons. It is a key economic driver. It offers new market opportunities for business. Providing energy to our nation has been an exciting challenge in recent years. Many changes have been constant throughout that period. The past tells Americans that predicting the specifics of the energy future for our nation with great accuracy would be unlikely. Americans get their energy from different types of resources. With all the differentRead MoreNuclear Power: Dangerous Nemesis or Trusted Ally1158 Words   |  5 Pageswithin the green energy community and it seems the number one question that keeps coming up is should we now support our one time enemy nuclear power? Many different people green and not, now, think it is the right time to take a second look at this widely used power source. When a former anti-nuclear campaigner and founding member of Greenpeace proclaims in the Washington Post â€Å"the environmental movement needs to update its views†¦because nuclear energy may just be the energy source that canRead More Crisis1206 Words   |  5 PagesCrisis â€Å"Crisis!† Anytime we, as a society, hear this word our ears perk up and the speaker has our attention. Usually when we hear crisis we think that it is something with â€Å"the distinct possibility of a highly undesirable outcome† (Merriam Webster) that calls for immediate response. President George W. Bush says that we are in a national â€Å"energy crisis† (Is Yucca Mountain in Nevada a safe disposal site?). Bush has proposed a solution, storing all of our nation’s nuclear waste in Nevada’s YuccaRead More Replacement of Fossil Fuels with Nuclear Energy for Electricity1399 Words   |  6 PagesFossil Fuels with Nuclear Energy for Electricity ABSTRACT Our nation is on the brink of an energy crisis and alternative means to produce electricity must be found. Fossil fuel resources are declining sharply and nuclear energy is the leading form of replacement. Our research shows that the advantages to this new energy source are extraordinary and that there are many ways to minimize its negative aspects. Due to the overwhelming advantages, we have concluded that nuclear energy is indeed theRead MoreNuclear Power And Its Effect On The Environment1347 Words   |  6 PagesNuclear power plays a pivotal role in our lives. Nuclear power seems to be the only way to help human beings go through energy crisis and climate change. These two problems threaten global security and the stability of the environment. There are several advantages and disadvantages of nuclear power, so my essay is focusing on what British people really think of nuclear energy. Overview UK’s first nuclear reactor called Calder Hall was built in Sellafield in 1956. Now the UK has 18 nuclear

Economic Environmental Assessment Office -Myassignmenthelp.COm

Question: Discuss About The Economic Environmental Assessment Office? Answer: Introduction This project has focused on identifying cost minimum potential strategies for solving existing challenges in the adoption of Water Sensitive Urban Design in order to manage water resources in the urban region. The issues in the implementation of WSUD have been provided priority in this project. Specific Objectives Following are the objectives for performing this research related to the rainwater harvesting system including minimization of development cost, protection of water quality, integration of rainwater for testing purpose and reduction of peak flow. Background Rapid urban growth in Australia in last 20 years have seen various changes in the urban development and provided footprints related to economic, environmental and societal values. In order to maintain the sustainable growth in the country, use of natural resources has been increased. Water, sewage and rainwater harvesting have been developed in order to maintain the ecological integrity of the country (Ward, Memon and Butler 2012). The environmental values that are associated with the ageing infrastructure require coming up with the increase in the population in urban cities. As discussed in the Water Sensitive Urban Design Sustainable Drainage Systems for Urban Areas, a conference was held in Melbourne in the year of 2000, several participants involved in the water industry have voted for this change (Mun and Han 2012). The rainwater harvesting system has been an important method of proper use of the water in any projects and society. However, rainwater tanks reduce runoff of storm water in an urban system. Therefore, this help in maintaining the water volume in houses for both portable and non-portable purposes. However, there has been a great misunderstanding related to the long-term validity in finance of tanks. WSUD is an approach for managing water in urban areas of Australia (Biazin et al. 2012). This helps in minimizing negative impacts of urbanization. However, the negative impacts of the urbanization include increase in costs, water depletion and risks of natural calamities including flood risks. The increase in the pollutants in water have created several water-borne diseases among individuals in the society. The risks and threats involved in this context include increase in urban temperatures, pollutants, home gardens and floods (Youn et al. 2012). Therefore, WSUD have helped in managing these risks in order to protect the environment from damage. WSUD differs from traditional urban design style in many ways. The total water management cycle depends upon the rainwater harvesting by the modern approach. The examination of a 75kL tank in different scenarios has helped in maintaining multi-story in the development model tank using rainwater harvesting (Rahman, Keane and Imteaz 2012). However, the cost maintenance of the project has helped in maintaining a proper budget for the project. The government of Australia have been taking interest in implementing this project in the society. In 2007, Melbourne Waters Living Rivers Stormwater Program has helped in providing funds for progressing and finalizing Baw Shire Councils draft WSUD. This program has helped in managing various systems in the water-harvesting model (Hajani and Rahman2014). WSUD can be applied to both rural and urban developments. Water Sensitivity of Rainwater tanks in Urban Designs Water Sensitive Urban Design has been used for saving water resources and removal of pollutants from rainwater. A successful project helps in managing rainwater in a proper way before going into a drain. Design and infrastructure of the program have been properly integrated in order to maintain a proper architecture for rainwater harvesting system. The lifecycle in assessing rainwater tanks of 600L together with the 2250L capacity tank with an economic benefit with tank cost from the customer perspective (Alam et al. 2012). As commented by Campisano and Modica (2012), there has been savings estimating billing of 29.6% for a 2250L tank. Low-interest rates have helped in minimizing initial cost if the system. However, rainwater has been channelized into drains and channels for Canberra urban purposes. This has increased the risk of flooding and soil erosion. Therefore, damage to vegetation and agriculture has been a common problem in the state. There are various principles of Water Sensitive Urban Design: It helps in reducing the demand for drinking water by using different alternative sources of water including rainwater and refined wastewater. This help in encouraging water efficient appliances (Hu et al. 2014). It minimizes the generation of wastewater from various sources and helps in treating wastewater for standard use of purposes. The wastewater management has been triggered with the help of this program. The use of this program has helped in maintaining treatment of rainwater management in order to provide fresh water for standard purposes. The use of rainwater in the urban landscape for improving visual and other entity of developments. This maintains different methodology for maintaining different aspects of the rainwater harvesting. The tanks are used for collecting and storing water during rain. The use of these tanks can mitigate the storing problems of rainwater (Hashim et al. 2013). During this process, rainwater is treated with proper minerals and chemicals. Water management system has been refined in fresh drinking water. During the 1990s, the emphasis has been shifted to place responsibility for water management project. Sample and Liu (2014) commented that the concept of WSUD involves maintenance of water balance and quality in an urbanized environment. However, the emergence of water management has been increased in the urban areas. An effective use of WSUD strategies has helped to adopt rainwater harvesting system project in the society. Government initiatives in implementation o WSUD The ACT government has helped in reviewing the implementation of water sensitive urban design regulations for changing the environment. The regulation plan under the ACT government has been integrated into with various technologies that have helped in increasing efficiency of water harvesting system (Kim, Han and Lee 2012). The ACT government has published a report importance of the WSUD in the city. The use of the rainwater harvesting has helped in maintaining scarcity of water in the city. The government have helped in providing funding for the project that might help in minimizing the scarcity of water sources in the city (Wu et al. 2015). The WSUD program has been directed by the ACT government that encourages individuals to maintain their work individually. The achievement of targets of the project has been a first priority for maintaining a proper approach to the project (Morales-Pinzn et al. 2012). The South Australian Planning Strategy has a 30-year plan or Greater Adelaide in order to implement policies and targets seeking to a population. There are various plans for improving the water management process in the city (Palla et al. 2012). The main goal is to maintain a proper approach toward the development of rainwater harvesting system. The State government have approached the post-implementation easements for the development of study related to implementation of rainwater harvesting system with the help of water tanks (Vieira et al. 2014). The stakeholders of the project have been focusing on implementation of the water tanks for storing and collecting rainwater. There might be two types of tanks containing rainwater and fresh water respectively. The use of this task has helped in maintaining the storage of the water in a safe place. This methodology has helped in developing WSUD program in the market. The water management planning recognizes the conservation of water and b iodiversity for the future use. It helps in providing alternative sources for water use in the society (Ward, Butler and Memon 2012). The urbanization has created opportunities in rainwater harvesting system for its development and ecological integrity. The structural and non-structural solutions have been recognized for protection of public health and communal values in the society. Benefits of Water Sensitive Urban Design There are various potential benefits of the Water Sensitive Urban Design in the market. WSUD has helped in developing a program for the water harvesting system in the market. Therefore, relevant information is required for the development of the program in the market. Following are benefits of the WSUD: Economic: It helps in minimizing the capital cost by reducing the size of off-site pipework and drains. The construction cost is reduced by the implantation and clearing of trees. However, the water quality cost has been reduced by searching different alternatives for water sources. This strategy has helped in increasing the market value of the research (Angrill et al. 2012). IT has improved the resource allocation by offering various cost benefits in various ways that help in maintaining residential development of every individual. Environmental: WSUD helps in maintaining the hydrological balance in the ecosystem by using natural processes of storage and infiltration. The sensitive area is protected with the help of the WSUD. It helps in water restoration and enhancement of urban waterways. The impact on the reduction of pollution and other damages to the environment. Therefore, it minimizes the impact of the urban development on various aspects of the environment (Imteaz et al. 2012). Different natural habitats are enhanced with the help of the WSUD. The natural diversity is classified into various parts in several landscapes. The level of the groundwater is increased due to the storage of rainwater. Social: The social changes has been an important benefit of the WSUD. The implementation of WSUD has helped in measuring changes in the society related to use of water for daily purposes. WSUD have helped in acknowledging people about the sensible use of water and rainwater harvesting system (Rahman et al. 2014). The effect of various strategies used in the WSUD has helped in maintaining proper linking to the opportunities in the society. The sustainability in development has emerged in recent years that have helped in maintaining a growth of the society. The sustainable development of the society has helped in maintaining a future growth of the society. This program helps in providing a unified method for integrating between urban water cycle and urban infrastructure (Steffen et al. 2013). This method is practised in various urban Greenfield development in order to maintain a sustainable growth in the city. Drivers of Water Sensitive Urban Design Urban growth and development have been creating pressure on various existing infrastructures. Existing infrastructures requires up gradation and replacement due to ageing problem. However, various water surveyors in urban areas are aged that requires technical replacements. Increase in climatic changes has created several issues including drought and shortage of water (Nguyen et al. 2013). Therefore, people suffer from water scarcity problems. Huge discharge of pollutants from the water sources have created water pollution. These pollutants include hydrocarbons, heavy metals and microbiological organisms. These affect aquatic life and environment with heavier rainfall or drought. The east coast of Australia has been experiencing water shortage problem frequently (Matos et al. 2015). External pressure has helped decision makers in exploring creative solutions to resolve traditional problems. The involvement of the WSUD has provided a new approach for sustainable development of the urb an areas. This aims at management of rainwater with the hydrological cycles. The external pressure that has been prevailing among the decision makers for exploring innovative methods for maintaining the urban development practices in the city. The WSUD has been routed to a new approach that helps in maintaining the growth of the urban areas. The rainwater management plan has been developed for harvesting rainwater natural flow. As commented by Kadam et al. (2012), most of the managers of urban water are concerned with providing integrity of water environment that helps in discharging storm water. Various respondents have concerned with the perceptions of community and social amenity (Jung et al. 2015). The key drivers of the WSUD implementation are public health outcomes, social amenity and community perception. An efficient storm water management practices require proper ambulation of various elements in the field of infrastructure planning, landscape architecture and urban hydrology. Technical professionals and experts in WSUD have been lacking in the implementation of WSUD in various locations around world (Thomas et al. 2014). Use of other management plan including Low Impact Urban Design and Development (LIUDD) in New Zealand, Sustainable Urban Drainage Systems (SUDS) in the United Kingdom and Low Impact Development (LID) in the United States have helped in expanding the systems (Ghimire et al. 2014). Increase in the awareness of WSUD advantages have helped government for revamping their urban development of storm water management practices. The WSUD policies and their requirements in the country have been mentioned in order to maintain the urban development. The Brisbane City Council has revised planning policy for specifying WSUD in a legal way under the planning scheme. Jiang, Z.Y. and Li (2013) mentioned that this change in the governmental policy has helped in creation of fertile environments leading towards development of urban areas. Absorption of WSUD in planning documents guidelines encourages widespread uptake. However, a key issue of concern related to stakeholders includes lack of technical knowledge and skill. Engineers and policy makers are not aware of the WSUD plan for development of rainwater harvesting system in urban areas (Campisano et al. 2013). However, it stares that the attainment of the sustainable rainwater management depends on the technical knowledge of the stakeholders and development of individuals included in this project. The translation of the integrated elements in real practices although guidelines and policies exist. Hanson and Vogel (2014) commented that the local government acts a local broker in scientific knowledge and present for maintaining urban development. However, the agency is likely to execute new things in order to maintain the innovation and experimentation in building knowledge and skills. The general users of WSUD development help in influencing community support. However, this support of WSUD in general community before implementation of any WSUD features (Fernandes, Terncio and Pacheco 2015). Developers of WSUD plan have been focusing on the sustainable development of the rainwater harvesting system. Therefore, there has been the clash among the innovative thoughts of different individuals in the system. Therefore, thus can be described as soft urban design features retaining vegetation and increase in the marketing policy. With the increase in the environmental awareness among the society, the use of WSUD features has been marketed in the form of the valuable assets for the company and assets (Gikas and Tsihrintzis 2012). Barriers to Water Sensitive Urban Design Challenge in acceptance of features of WSUD are not only technical perspective but also institutional and social. However, one of major challenges faced by the WSUD is lack of knowledge on the features and its potential benefits. The stakeholders are confused with the knowledge of the WSUD definitions and features (Morales-Pinzn et al. 2015). This has potential challenges for the implementation of this system. The storm water management has been a failure in the society due to lack of awareness. Therefore, understanding perception of drivers and barriers to WSUD help in developing and promoting the integrated of thinking in a form of coherent framework. Therefore, a study of the perceptions of WSUD has discovered that the industry has been rated by their institutional arrangements for WSUD while commitment of implementation of WSUD perceived as low production (Gwenzi et al. 2015). CONSTRAINTS OPPORTUNITIES Lack of understanding among stakeholders Increasing awareness programs Increasing circulation of research and information among stakeholders. Limited research and knowledge Industry partnerships with research facilities Formation of diverse and multi-disciplinary teams Lack of common standards, guidelines and technical knowledge Agencies to provide set standards Workshops seminars to increase skill levels Formation of diverse, multi?disciplinary teams Fragmented storm water management agencies Formation of effective regulatory framework linking local regional levels Efficient communication amongst different agencies Lack of institutional provision Agencies to confront issues of traditional urban storm water management Absorption of WSUD into planning documents Making WSUD a mandatory feature for new developments Economic Cost Increasing awareness that long-term benefits outweigh short-term Costs Locality?specific modelling Integration of all aspects of urban water management Table 1: Constraints and opportunities in WSUD implementation (Source: Lee and Yigitcanlar 2010, pp.31). However, current urban storm water management frameworks focus on confining engineering solutions in a length of time. However, these methods are maintaining the government instructions are involved in taking risks in adopting alternative approaches (Silva, Sousa and Carvalho 2015). However, lack of knowledge has created many barriers to the implementation of WSUD in the urban areas. However, stakeholders are convinced of the extension of business and effectiveness of WSUD methods (Liaw and Chiang 2014). Different ponds and water bodies are integrated with the rainwater harvesting systems. These systems used to collect rainwater and filter it into drinking water. This help in maintaining the hydrological cycle in the environment. However, the quality of the tools is not god due to lack of technical knowledge. The use of tool and techniques for filtering water have not been appropriate. Therefore, implementation of inappropriate systems creates risks fir the implementation of a projec t. However, GCC has able to adopt practices of WSUD as their standard policy for providing a strong technical base to the project. On a contrary, stakeholders awareness program have been creating problems for the project, as the stakeholders are busy in gaining knowledge regarding the project the concentration on the development of the project gets distracted (Ghimire, Watkins and Li 2012). This might create challenges in planning and execute the level of the project. However, conducting workshops for stakeholders help in developing their skills related to the need of the project. The ineffectiveness of in the design of the plan has created a major problem in the implementation of the WSUD (Walsh, Pomeroy and Burian 2014). Technical skills and principles have helped in scattering among various professional involved in urban water management. Mahmoud and Alazba (2015) commented that the lack of the standard practices creates confusion in the local authorities and developers that help in maintaining a proper approach towards the development the rainwater harvesting system. Researchers have found that the people lacking in the technical knowledge related to the perception of this project have been the biggest barrier to the implementation of the WSUD. The linkage between construction and concept of the WSUD has not been implemented properly that has poorly translated on the ground (Stec and Kordana 2015). The disciplinary teams for designing and maintaining WSUD features are based upon specific consideration of local sites. However, integration of urban water management in Australia is fragmented and conducted by the institution. Vialle et al. (2012) commented that a legal framework has been adopted for maintaining the local and regional level of integration of storm water in tanks. Therefore, it creates confusion among the stakeholders and local government related to the storage of storm water in the tanks for the filtering process. A decision maker is busy in making plans for initiating filtering process of storm water. However, a major concern with WSUD is perception of economic costs at an initial stage and inadequate economic assessment for particular elements (Unami et al. 2015). Initial costs are high for the treatment process in account there are various potential benefits including different structures in the treatment systems. WSUD helps in providing the high level of community protection and environmental support compared to traditional urban rainwater features. Water Sensitive Urban Community Project initial findings Water Sensitive Urban Development has been a great approach by the Australian government. The use of rainwater harvesting system in country has helped in maintaining the filtration of the rainwater in the tanks. The use of tanks in the treatment process has helped in providing efficiency in hydraulics by saving initial costs (Ghimire and Johnston 2013). The use of various process has been integrated into the stormwater harvesting systems that need to be implemented in the system. However, this report has focused on the implementation of the tanks in the rainwater harvesting system in order to store rainwater for filtration process. Researchers have surveyed properly regarding the use of the tanks in the treatment process (Vieira, Weeber and Ghisi 2013). The consideration of 70-occupant building has been used for 4 stages including laundry, flushing, toilet, outdoor use and hot water. Therefore, this amount of consumption has produced 0.036kL/person/day in toilet flushing, 10kL/person /year in outdoor usage (Belmeziti, Coutard and de Gouvello 2013). However, 10kL tanks had 10% total demand and 100kL tanks having 50% demand that helps in making more larger tanks for storing water. The use of tanks in the treatment project has helped in maintaining and monitoring the flow of water in the tanks The use of hydraulic pressure in flow helps in creating a calculative data in order to filter right amount of water (Vargas-Parra et al. 2014). The analysis of the 75kL tank of rainwater in Sydney has been discussed in the report that helps in providing a better approach towards development of rainwater harvesting system in the country. The analysis of this type of tank has helped in maintaining the cost-benefit analysis of the project in the proper manner. Therefore, the use of various strategies provides an appropriate way to implementtion the project at a low cost and time. The analysis focuses on the result of 60-year-life-cycle using the current water supply price with c urrent interest rates (Campisano et al. 2017). The use of the cost-benefit analysis has helped in maintaining the budget of the project in order to minimize the cist if the project. The budget of the project has been a critical issue in order to monitor various pictures of rainwater harvesting system. However, it has been found that the ratio benefit of cost estimation was found to be 64% - 75% by using current water supply at various interest rates and less conservative with conservative cost estimates (Cook, Sharma and Chong 2013). However, there was the increase in lower interest rates and increase in the price of water in the urban region. This has increased the price of the water and increase in the demand for fresh water in the market. The WSUD has helped in the development of the urban areas and minimizing initial cost of the water treatment plant. Life-Cycle Costing In this context, life cycle costs help in representing the aggregate cost of ensuring sustainable and delivery of water supply services to an area or individual. Life cycle cost includes the disaggregated unit costs of construction, design and maintenance of a water delivery system along with other undefined costs (Wang and Zimmerman 2015). These costs included all the non-engineered that are overlooked and ignored during creating the budget plan. Therefore, it plays an important role in maintaining the actual cost of the project. There are various components of Lifecycle costs provided in the table below: Life Cycle Costs Description Capital expenditure-software and hardware Capital invested in planning and constructing a water services delivery system Operating and minor maintenance expenditure Recurrent expenditure on operating, managing and maintaining a water delivery system Capital maintenance expenditure Cost of financing a water delivery system taking into account loan repayments Cost of capital Unit costs of post-construction support activities to users of a water delivery system Expenditure on direct support Expenditure on asset renewal, replacement and rehabilitation of a water delivery system Expenditure on indirect support Unit costs of macro-level support, planning and management of a water services delivery system Table 2: Components of the Life cycle costs (Source: (Vieira, Weeber and Ghisi 2013, pp.39) The acquisition sum of cost together with cost of ownership of the life cycle of product is life cycle cost of the system. In the adopted model, rainfall was regarded as inflow, release, and possible spillage as outflow. The release was estimated based on following equations: Rt = Dt; if It + St1 Dt (1) Rt = It + St1; if It + St1 Dt (2) Where Dt is daily demand (m3 ) on day t; St1 is tank storage at end of previous day (m3 ); Rt is release from rainwater tank (m3 ) and It is inflow (m3 ). Spill (SPt) (m3 ) was calculated from following equations: (Ghimire, Watkins and Li 2012) SPt = It + St1 Dt SMAX; if It + St1 Dt SMAX (3) SPt = 0; if It + St1 Dt SMAX (4) where SMAX is design storage capacity (m3 ).The tank storage St at end of day t was calculated using following equations: St = SMAX; if SPt 0 (5) St = St1 + It Rt; if SPt = 0 (6) The nominal cost concept together with the nominal rate in the discount. The conversion of nominal cost (CN) to the stipulated discount cost (CP) is done below: Where dn is the nominal discount rate per annum and y is the appropriate number of years. Location Rainfall Period of rainfall record Average Annual rainfall (mm) Campbelltown 068007 1900-2009 743 Hornsby 066158 1936-2009 1325 Parramatta 066124 19662009 964 Penrith 067084 19702009 940 Richmond 067021 19022003 801 Castlereagh 067002 19502010 802 Wallacia Post Office 067029 19462010 870 West Pennant Hills 067098 19462005 1076 Moss Vale 068195 19722008 1104 Cataract Dam 068016 19362009 1108 Table 3: Study of locations and daily rainfall data (Source: (Ghimire, Watkins and Li 2012, pp.49) Figure 2: Average monthly rainfall in the Sydney region (Source: Vieira, Weeber and Ghisi 2013) Results The adoption of the 75kL size of the tank was due to the similarity of the study. However, this tank is able to meet the daily household use of individual of 73 % of the days in a year that has been increased to 98% for a 5kL tank size (Ghimire, Watkins and Li 2012). Figure 3: Reliability of RWHS at ten selected locations using rainwater for toilet and laundry use (Source: Kim, Han and Lee 2012, pp. 87) The reliability for irrigation use of all ten location has been smaller than toilet and laundry as shown in the figure. The reliability values of Hornsby and Campbelltown are 73% and 41% (Kim, Han and Lee 2012). However, data in a favourable condition that create might varies in other conditions. As it is related to natural weather of the location, therefore, it depends upon environmental factors. However, the cost-benefit ratio for different tank sizes for Hornsby. It is analyzed that benefit-cost-ratio values have reached to one indicating value. Tank Size (kL) Toilet and laundry use Irrigation use Combined use 1 0.614 0.373 0.666 2 0.578 0.524 0.749 3 0.565 0.643 0.846 5 0.527 0.795 0.966 10 0.399 0.700 0.839 50 0.355 0.740 0.861 70 0.256 0.634 0.728 Table 4: Benefit-cost ratio values at Hornsby (based on current Sydney water price of AUD 2.13/kL) However, the current Sydney Water price has been too low to achieve a benefit-cost ratio greater than one for a RWHS in most of the scenarios. Therefore, there is an increase in the cost-benefit ratio in these locations. Conclusion It can be concluded that the rainwater harvesting system in Australia has been a great success in order to maintain a proper development of the urban areas. The use of Water Sensitive Design development system in the country has helped in maintaining the development of the urban areas in Australia. The main goal is to maintain a proper approach toward development of rainwater harvesting system. The State government have approached the post-implementation easements for the development of study related to implementation of rainwater harvesting system with help of water tanks. The use various capacity tanks for storing rainwater has been a great success. The life cycle cost analysis has helped in analyzing rainwater use at ten different location. The principles of WSUD have been discussed in the report that helps in understanding the basic goal of the system. The benefits and limitations of the WSUD have been discussed in the report that helps in analyzing the implementation of the WSUD project in the country. The problems of water scarcity in Australia have been provided in the report that initiates the reason for doing then project. References Alam, R., Munna, G., Chowdhury, M.A.I., Sarkar, M.S.K.A., Ahmed, M., Rahman, M.T., Jesmin, F. and Toimoor, M.A., 2012. Feasibility study of rainwater harvesting system in Sylhet City.Environmental monitoring and assessment,184(1), pp.573-580. Angrill, S., Farreny, R., Gasol, C.M., Gabarrell, X., Violas, B., Josa, A. and Rieradevall, J., 2012. Environmental analysis of rainwater harvesting infrastructures in diffuse and compact urban models of Mediterranean climate.The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment,17(1), pp.25-42. Belmeziti, A., Coutard, O. and de Gouvello, B., 2013. A new methodology for evaluating potential for potable water savings (PPWS) by using rainwater harvesting at the urban level: The case of the municipality of Colombes (Paris Region).Water,5(1), pp.312-326. Biazin, B., Sterk, G., Temesgen, M., Abdulkedir, A. and Stroosnijder, L., 2012. Rainwater harvesting and management in rainfed agricultural systems in sub-Saharan Africaa review.Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, Parts A/B/C,47, pp.139-151. Campisano, A. and Modica, C., 2012. Optimal sizing of storage tanks for domestic rainwater harvesting in Sicily.Resources, Conservation and Recycling,63, pp.9-16. Campisano, A., Butler, D., Ward, S., Burns, M.J., Friedler, E., DeBusk, K., Fisher-Jeffes, L.N., Ghisi, E., Rahman, A., Furumai, H. and Han, M., 2017. Urban rainwater harvesting systems: Research, implementation and future perspectives.Water research,115, pp.195-209. Campisano, A., Gnecco, I., Modica, C. and Palla, A., 2013. Designing domestic rainwater harvesting systems under different climatic regimes in Italy.Water Science and Technology,67(11), pp.2511-2518. Cook, S., Sharma, A. and Chong, M., 2013. Performance analysis of a communal residential rainwater system for potable supply: a case study in Brisbane, Australia.Water resources management,27(14), pp.4865-4876. Fernandes, L.F.S., Terncio, D.P. and Pacheco, F.A., 2015. Rainwater harvesting systems for low demanding applications.Science of The Total Environment,529, pp.91-100. Ghimire, S.R. and Johnston, J.M., 2013. Impacts of domestic and agricultural rainwater harvesting systems on watershed hydrology: A case study in the Albemarle-Pamlico river basins (USA).Ecohydrology Hydrobiology,13(2), pp.159-171. Ghimire, S.R., Johnston, J.M., Ingwersen, W.W. and Hawkins, T.R., 2014. Life cycle assessment of domestic and agricultural rainwater harvesting systems.Environmental science technology,48(7), pp.4069-4077. Ghimire, S.R., Watkins, D.W. and Li, K., 2012. Life cycle cost assessment of a rain water harvesting system for toilet flushing.Water Science and Technology: Water Supply,12(3), pp.309-320. Gikas, G.D. and Tsihrintzis, V.A., 2012. Assessment of water quality of first-flush roof runoff and harvested rainwater.Journal of Hydrology,466, pp.115-126. Gwenzi, W., Dunjana, N., Pisa, C., Tauro, T. and Nyamadzawo, G., 2015. Water quality and public health risks associated with roof rainwater harvesting systems for potable supply: Review and perspectives.Sustainability of Water Quality and Ecology,6, pp.107-118. Hajani, E. and Rahman, A., 2014. Reliability and cost analysis of a rainwater harvesting system in peri-urban regions of Greater Sydney, Australia.Water,6(4), pp.945-960. Hanson, L.S. and Vogel, R.M., 2014. Generalized storagereliabilityyield relationships for rainwater harvesting systems.Environmental Research Letters,9(7), p.075007. Hashim, H., Hudzori, A., Yusop, Z. and Ho, W.S., 2013. Simulation based programming for optimization of large-scale rainwater harvesting system: Malaysia case study.Resources, Conservation and Recycling,80, pp.1-9. Hu, Q., Pan, F., Pan, X., Zhang, D., Yang, N., Pan, Z., Zhao, P. and Tuo, D., 2014. Effects of a ridge-furrow micro-field rainwater-harvesting system on potato yield in a semi-arid region.Field Crops Research,166, pp.92-101. Imteaz, M.A., Adeboye, O.B., Rayburg, S. and Shanableh, A., 2012. Rainwater harvesting potential for southwest Nigeria using daily water balance model.Resources, Conservation and Recycling,62, pp.51-55. Jiang, Z.Y. and Li, X.Y., 2013. Water and energy conservation of rainwater harvesting system in the Loess Plateau of China.Journal of Integrative Agriculture,12(8), pp.1389-1395. Jung, K., Lee, T., Choi, B.G. and Hong, S., 2015. Rainwater harvesting system for contiunous water supply to the regions with high seasonal rainfall variations.Water resources management,29(3), pp.961-972. Kadam, A.K., Kale, S.S., Pande, N.N., Pawar, N.J. and Sankhua, R.N., 2012. Identifying potential rainwater harvesting sites of a semi-arid, basaltic region of Western India, using SCS-CN method.Water resources management,26(9), pp.2537-2554. Kim, H., Han, M. and Lee, J.Y., 2012. The application of an analytical probabilistic model for estimating the rainfallrunoff reductions achieved using a rainwater harvesting system.Science of the total environment,424, pp.213-218. Liaw, C.H. and Chiang, Y.C., 2014. Dimensionless analysis for designing domestic rainwater harvesting systems at the regional level in northern Taiwan.Water,6(12), pp.3913-3933. Mahmoud, S.H. and Alazba, A.A., 2015. The potential of in situ rainwater harvesting in arid regions: developing a methodology to identify suitable areas using GIS-based decision support system.Arabian Journal of Geosciences,8(7), pp.5167-5179. Matos, C., Bentes, I., Santos, C., Imteaz, M. and Pereira, S., 2015. Economic analysis of a rainwater harvesting system in a commercial building.Water resources management,29(11), pp.3971-3986. Mehrabadi, M.H.R., Saghafian, B. and Fashi, F.H., 2013. Assessment of residential rainwater harvesting efficiency for meeting non-potable water demands in three climate conditions.Resources, Conservation and Recycling,73, pp.86-93. Morales-Pinzn, T., Luruea, R., Rieradevall, J., Gasol, C.M. and Gabarrell, X., 2012. Financial feasibility and environmental analysis of potential rainwater harvesting systems: A case study in Spain.Resources, Conservation and Recycling,69, pp.130-140. Morales-Pinzn, T., Rieradevall, J., Gasol, C.M. and Gabarrell, X., 2015. Modelling for economic cost and environmental analysis of rainwater harvesting systems.Journal of Cleaner Production,87, pp.613-626. Mun, J.S. and Han, M.Y., 2012. Design and operational parameters of a rooftop rainwater harvesting system: definition, sensitivity and verification.Journal of Environmental Management,93(1), pp.147-153. Nguyen, D.C., Dao, A.D., Kim, T.I. and Han, M., 2013. A sustainability assessment of the rainwater harvesting system for drinking water supply: a case study of Cukhe village, Hanoi, Vietnam.Environmental Engineering Research,18(2), pp.109-114. Palla, A., Gnecco, I., Lanza, L.G. and La Barbera, P., 2012. Performance analysis of domestic rainwater harvesting systems under various European climate zones.Resources, Conservation and Recycling,62, pp.71-80. Rahman, A., Keane, J. and Imteaz, M.A., 2012. Rainwater harvesting in Greater Sydney: Water savings, reliability and economic benefits.Resources, Conservation and Recycling,61, pp.16-21. Rahman, S., Khan, M.T.R., Akib, S., Din, N.B.C., Biswas, S.K. and Shirazi, S.M., 2014. Sustainability of rainwater harvesting system in terms of water quality.The Scientific World Journal,2014. Sample, D.J. and Liu, J., 2014. Optimizing rainwater harvesting systems for the dual purposes of water supply and runoff capture.Journal of cleaner production,75, pp.174-194. Santos, C. and Taveira-Pinto, F., 2013. Analysis of different criteria to size rainwater storage tanks using detailed methods.Resources, Conservation and recycling,71, pp.1-6. Silva, C.M., Sousa, V. and Carvalho, N.V., 2015. Evaluation of rainwater harvesting in Portugal: Application to single-family residences.Resources, Conservation and Recycling,94, pp.21-34. Stec, A. and Kordana, S., 2015. Analysis of profitability of rainwater harvesting, gray water recycling and drain water heat recovery systems.Resources, Conservation and Recycling,105, pp.84-9 Lee, S. and Yigitcanlar, T., 2010. Sustainable urban stormwater management: water sensitive urban design perceptions, drivers and barriers. In Rethinking Sustainable Development: Urban Management, Engineering, and Design (pp. 26-37). IGI Global, Engineering Science Reference. Steffen, J., Jensen, M., Pomeroy, C.A. and Burian, S.J., 2013. Water supply and stormwater management benefits of residential rainwater harvesting in US cities.JAWRA Journal of the American Water Resources Association,49(4), pp.810-824. Thomas, R.B., Kirisits, M.J., Lye, D.J. and Kinney, K.A., 2014. Rainwater harvesting in the United States: a survey of common system practices.Journal of Cleaner Production,75, pp.166-173. Unami, K., Mohawesh, O., Sharifi, E., Takeuchi, J. and Fujihara, M., 2015. Stochastic modelling and control of rainwater harvesting systems for irrigation during dry spells.Journal of Cleaner Production,88, pp.185-195. Vargas-Parra, M.V., Rovira, M.R., Gabarrell, X. and Villalba, G., 2014. Cost-effective rainwater harvesting system in the Metropolitan Area of Barcelona.Journal of Water Supply: Research and Technology-Aqua,63(7), pp.586-595. Vialle, C., Sablayrolles, C., Lovera, M., Huau, M.C., Jacob, S. and Montrjaud-Vignoles, M., 2012. Water quality monitoring and hydraulic evaluation of a household roof runoff harvesting system in France.Water resources management,26(8), pp.2233-2241. Vieira, A.S., Beal, C.D., Ghisi, E. and Stewart, R.A., 2014. Energy intensity of rainwater harvesting systems: A review.Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews,34, pp.225-242. Vieira, A.S., Weeber, M. and Ghisi, E., 2013. Self-cleaning filtration: A novel concept for rainwater harvesting systems.Resources, Conservation and Recycling,78, pp.67-73. Walsh, T.C., Pomeroy, C.A. and Burian, S.J., 2014. Hydrologic modeling analysis of a passive, residential rainwater harvesting program in an urbanized, semi-arid watershed.Journal of Hydrology,508, pp.240-253. Wang, R. and Zimmerman, J.B., 2015. Economic and environmental assessment of office building rainwater harvesting systems in various US cities.Environmental science technology,49(3), pp.1768-1778. Ward, S., Butler, D. and Memon, F.A., 2012. Benchmarking energy consumption and CO2 emissions from rainwater?harvesting systems: an improved method by proxy.Water and Environment Journal,26(2), pp.184-190. Ward, S., Memon, F.A. and Butler, D., 2012. Performance of a large building rainwater harvesting system.Water research,46(16), pp.5127-5134. Wu, Y., Jia, Z., Ren, X., Zhang, Y., Chen, X., Bing, H. and Zhang, P., 2015. Effects of ridge and furrow rainwater harvesting system combined with irrigation on improving water use efficiency of maize (Zea mays L.) in semi-humid area of China.Agricultural Water Management,158, pp.1-9. Youn, S.G., Chung, E.S., Kang, W.G. and Sung, J.H., 2012. Probabilistic estimation of the storage capacity of a rainwater harvesting system considering climate change.Resources, Conservation and Recycling,65, pp.136-144.

Ted Bundy Research Paper Example

Ted Bundy Paper A personality disorder is another cause of the career criminal. People with personality disorders are often involved in repeated episodes of disruptive or difficult behavior. Others often consider these people overbearing, dramatic, or even obnoxious (AGS). Ted Bundy is a narcissistic and a sociopath. Ted Bundy could be considered narcissist. He exposes a few of the Narcissistic diagnostic features in his personality. These features are as follows: Narcissistic personality disorder is a condition characterized by an inflated sense of self-importance, need for admiration, extreme self-involvement, and lack of empathy for others. Individuals with this disorder are usually arrogantly self-assured and confident. They expect to be noticed as superior. Many highly successful individuals might be considered narcissistic. However, this disorder is only diagnosed when these behaviors become persistent and very disabling or distressing. (Long). After Stephanie Brooks left Ted Bundy when she graduated, he showed a number of these disorder features. He shows a lot of self-importance when he goes back to University of Washington and throws himself into his studies to get outstanding grades. He also shows a need for admiration by getting himself into the upper rings of society by becoming a campaigner. We will write a custom essay sample on Ted Bundy specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Ted Bundy specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Ted Bundy specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer He also shows features of an extended definition by another source that describes a narcissistic behavior as A pattern of traits and behaviors which signify infatuation and obsession with ones self to the exclusion of all others and the egotistic and ruthless pursuit of ones gratification, dominance and ambition (Ratzlaff). Not only did his modus operandi, he also shows his obsession in other ways. All of his victims share the basic same traits. They all were between the age of 17 and 26 and were from middle class families. Most were attending college or a university. And almost all of the women were brunettes with their hair parted down the middle. All of the women were attractive and had an average weight between 100 and 140 pounds. This was basically a vague description of Stephanie Brooks. Later he won her back and made her believe that he was going to marry her and just like she broke it off he broke it off. He shows some features of a sociopathic person. Some of the features that are associated with sociopathic behavior are Sense of entitlement; Unremorseful; Apathetic to others; Unconscionable behavior; Blameful of others; Manipulative and conning; Affectively cold; Disparate understanding; Socially irresponsible; Disregardful of obligations; Nonconforming to norms; Irresponsible (Kelly). Ted felt a sense of entitlement. He always felt that he should have had Stephanie Brooks. Ted even felt a sense of entitlement while he was in jail. He always complained about only have 2 meals instead of 3 meals a day. Ted was very manipulative not only when he murdered and raped those women; he was also very manipulative in his personal life. He was always manipulating people for money, sex, or whatever hey wanted. Ted also did not conform to norms. Ted was always a wonderer. He would leave for days at a time and drive through different states on just a whim. There are three features that can define a career criminal. The past criminality predicts future criminality, the earlier the onset of the criminal behavior, the better predictor of future criminal behavior, and for the high rate of criminality, there are usually drugs or alcohol involved. Ted Bundy is a narcissistic and a sociopath and he had some criminal behavior at a young age. By his own account in the interview with Dr. James Dobson he had looked at pornographic material when he was younger. And this started his fantasy about doing these sexual acts toward women. By obtaining these pornographic materials would be considered a status offense because if any person above the age of 18 had these materials it would not be criminal. Bundy also stole skis and equipment and forged ski-lift tickets to support his love of skiing. The next feature is that the Earlier the onset of this criminal activity, the better predictor of the onset of future criminal behavior. Number of early first experiences of problem behaviors was linearly associated with increased frequency of delinquency among the predominantly White and middle-class high school students (Mason). Before Ted was even out of high school, Bundy was a compulsive thief, a shoplifter, and on his way to becoming an amateur criminal. Also, it is believed that he acted out his fantasy, that he developed watching these pornographic materials, at the early age of 14. During this time he was a paperboy and an eight year old Ann Marie Burr went missing in the middle of the night and her body has never been recovered. There is often alcohol or drugs involved. Bundy often used alcohol before the commission of his crimes. Ofenders had used either alcohol alone or alcohol with other drugs in approximately 37 percent of violent victimizations in which victims were able to describe substance use by the offenders(Greenfeld). He admitted in his interview with Dr. James Dobson that he used alcohol before the vicious acts against these women. He said that it would lower his inhibition and it made it easier to commit these crimes. It was a cutoff for Ted Bundy when he would drink the alcohol. He would just say screw it and drink the alcohol which would lower his inhibition and would make it easier to commit the acts. This is evident when Carol DaRonch stated that she had smelt alcohol on his breath when he tried to kidnap her. There are a few occasions where Bundy and a Criminal Justice agency intrude. One intervention is where is arrested and brought to trial the first time for the abduction of Carol DaRonch. During this trial Ted was very confidant that they would not find him guilty of the crime. He was so confident that he represented himself in the trial. He thought that they would never be able to be convicted. Another intervention is when he was pulled over in Florida with the stolen Volts Wagon. He ended up wrestling with the officer and was eventually subdued by the officer. When he was place in the vehicle Ted said that he wished the officer had killed him. The police had a hard time identifying him because all the identification he has was stolen. The Criminal Justice agencies handled Ted Bundy very well. Even though he escaped twice they still handled him very well. They did not stomp all over his rights even though he was being held over for trial for horrible things and the fact that he was an escape risk. The court responded to every request that Ted had with a great deal of fairness. He was given access to the law library when he was defending himself. Also, he was given access to a phone to make long distance phone calls, which other inmates were not allowed to do. When he was arrested for the final time the officer had to fight with Bundy in order to get him under control. The officer showed a lot of poise by not using more force than what was necessary. Some officers might have used more force than that to subdue the subject.