Posttraumatic Stress Disorder ( Ptsd ) - 1176 Words

Posttraumatic Stress Disorder(commonly known as PTSD) is disorder that occurs after an event which has had a traumatizing effect on an individual. A traumatizing event would include life threatening events, emotionally traumatic events, terrifying events, and even rape. The effects of PTSD are anxiety, violent rages, consistent nightmares, and terrifying flashbacks. Symptoms of PTSD usually emerge after 3 months after the incident, but symptoms can also be evident even years later. Individuals that experience a traumatic event are most likely to develop PTSD. There are five different types of PTSD. These types include: Normal Stress Response, Acute Stress Disorder, Uncomplicated PTSD, Comorbid PTSD, And Complex PTSD. Normal Stress Response(NSR) can occur in adults who have been in a single traumatizing event. Examples can include divorce, loss of job, and loss of a loved one. People with NSR often experience feelings of unreality, numbing of emotions, and stress. Typically, these peo ple tend to push away others. This type of PTSD can be easily overcome by engaging in small groups and having positive conversations. The second type of PTSD is Acute Stress Disorder(ASD). This type of PTSD usually occurs within a month of a severe traumatic stressor. For example, it could be a death of a loved one, a threat of some kind to the individual, whether it be to oneself or another. The symptoms of this type can range from feeling numb to insomnia and even having flashbacks.Show MoreRelatedPosttraumatic Stress Disorder ( Ptsd )994 Words   |  4 PagesPosttraumatic stress disorder, also known as PTSD, is a psychological problem that according to Nebraska Department of Veterans’ Affairs, in 2007, 7.8 percent of Americans will experience at some point in their lives. Posttraumatic stress disorder has a range of symptoms that affects the life of the person who suffers from the disorder and close friends and family. However, there is hope for the person suffering from PTSD and six different theoretical models to choose from. Posttraumatic stressRead MorePosttraumatic Stress Disorder ( Ptsd )2353 Words   |  10 PagesIndividuals that show to have Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) are significantly affected both mentally and emotionally due to the exposure to a traumatic event. PTSD is a life-long disorder that is being seen diagnosed more and more among returning soldiers and sexually-violated individuals. Because of its increased detection, the importance of constructing effective treatments for individuals living with PTSD is becoming increasingly recognized. Although effectively treating PTSD has shown to be ratherRead MorePtsd And Posttraumatic Stress Disorder1216 Words   |  5 PagesPTSD or Posttraumatic Stress Disorder is a growing concern with our returning soldiers. As technology is advancing, battles are becoming more and more gruesome. The scars from defending your country are not only physical. Some scars may not be visible, but are even more dangerous. The trauma imbedded in these men and women’s heads will cause pain for them and their entire family. The dictionary definition of PTSD is a serious condition that can develop after a person has experienced or witnessedRead MorePosttraumatic Stress Disorder ( Ptsd )1260 Words   |  6 PagesPosttraumatic Stress Disorder In today society, many people go through many tragic events in a life time. One of the most common disorders is posttraumatic stress disorder. This disorder is can be exposed to violent events such as rape, child abuse, war, domestic violence. This disorder thought to be only on war veterans who have been involved in combat. But this disorder is not only limited to soldiers but to any person. Anybody can go through posttraumatic stress disorder who has had horribleRead MorePosttraumatic Stress Disorder ( Ptsd )3006 Words   |  13 PagesPosttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a debilitating psychiatric disorder that may occur in some people following a traumatic event. PTSD and depression often coexist due to the similar characteristics of PTSD and depression as well as the nature of a traumatic event inducing PTSD as well as depressive symptoms per DSM-5 guidelines. PTSD has been noted to coexist with diabetes as well in several research studies. The etiology, prevalence, and symp toms of PTSD, depression and PTSD associated withRead MorePosttraumatic Stress Disorder ( Ptsd )2078 Words   |  9 Pagesadults who experience traumatic events this year will go on to develop Posttraumatic Stress Disorder. It is estimated that 31 million United States citizens are suffering from the disorder at any given moment. Posttraumatic Stress Disorder is one of the world’s most prominent psychological issues, despite the fact that several people are not even familiar with its name. Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) is an anxiety disorder that may occur after experiencing traumatizing events or being involvedRead MorePosttraumatic Stress Disorder ( Ptsd )1514 Words   |  7 PagesDescription Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) is defined as â€Å"a condition that generates waves of anxiety, anger, aggression, depression and suspicion; threatens a person’s sense of self; and interferes with daily life functioning† (Smeltzer, Bare, Hinkle Cheever, 2010, p. 99). As human beings, we are built with different type of emotions and feelings that can endanger us or benefit us. When faced with a traumatic life event, an individual will either overcome the event and become strongerRead MorePosttraumatic Stress Disorder ( Ptsd )1402 Words   |  6 Pages Posttraumatic Growth in Relation to Resilience Trauma is common but not all survivors experience posttraumatic stress disorder(PTSD). In the National Comorbidity Survey, trauma exposure rates exceeded 50%, yet lifetime PTSD was estimated at 7.8% (Kessler, Sonnega, Bromet, Hughes, Nelson,1995). These ï ¬ ndings have been replicated and found to be consistent suggesting that most people exposed to trauma can retain a stable equilibrium without reactive psychopathology (Bonanno, 2004; Bonanno,GaleaRead MorePosttraumatic Stress Disorder ( Ptsd ) Essay2002 Words   |  9 PagesPosttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a prevalent trauma and stress related disorder (Narrow, et al 2002). In Australia, 7.2% of population who belong to the 16-85 years old group have suffered from PTSD (McEvoy, et al 2011). A statistic also revealed that 4.6% of males and 8.3% of females have been suffering PTSD for over 12 months (Australia Bureau of Statistics 2007), hence, it is obvious that PTSD is a serious mental disorder. This essay is going to e xplore the diagnostic criteria of PTSD,Read MorePosttraumatic Stress Disorder ( Ptsd )1275 Words   |  6 PagesPosttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) can be defined as â€Å" a complex disorder in which a person’s memory, emotional responses, intellectual process, and nervous system have been disrupted by one or more traumatic experiences†(Swan Persis, 2016). It is trauma and stressor related, a disorder that depends on a factor outside a person. Types of events that can lead to the development of PTSD include physical assault, rape and sexual assault, military combat, torture, mass violence, natural disasters

The Energy Crisis Of Nuclear Energy - 1334 Words

their energy crisis. A study conducted in 2009 states that nuclear energy prices for electricity is $0.21/kWh, while wind power energy and solar photovoltaic panels can cost only $0.05-0.10/kWh (as cited in Shrader-Frechette (2011 p103)). The price comparison between energy sources show that nuclear energy is not the only effective option to solve the energy crisis. Furthermore, the effectiveness of the amount of dollar spent on nuclear energy is not very high compared to wind power. According to Shrader-Frechette (2011 p103), one dollar invested in wind energy will generate up to 100 times the energy invested in nuclear energy. The comparison describes that nuclear energy is very ineffective and that wind power is the most efficient source of energy. Wind power and the increasing efficiencies of current process to produce energy will deter the use of nuclear energy in Europe. One reason for the development of better energy alternative is due to the high risk of nuclear accidents. A nuclear power plant in a country with a small land area is very risky. With the current development in urban areas, nuclear accidents can instantly destroy an environment and cause economic activities of a region to stop. According to Makhijani et al, researchers for Institute of Energy and Environmental research, nuclear power plants are very expensive to insure which implies to the high risk it carries. Normally, it is calculated that 1 in 5 commercial reactors will experience a lifetime-coreShow MoreRelatedNuclear Power And The Energy Crisis1474 Words   |  6 PagesNuclear Power: The Solution to the Energy Crisis For the first time in history, the human race has the ability to drastically alter the Earth, Ever since the Industrial Revolution, where human technology and population began to increase exponentially, the environment has steadily been in decline. This is due to several factors: pollution, human expansion, and rapid use of natural resources are a few. One of the biggest problems in the world as a whole faces today is the rising energy crisis. InRead MoreNuclear Energy Should Not Be The Solution For Our Energy Crisis1252 Words   |  6 PagesNuclear energy should not be the solution for our energy crisis problem because of the catastrophic possibilities it may cause. About 20% of our nation’s electrical use is supplied by nuclear power per year. It is a main source of energy because of how cheap and effective it is and the government has declared it â€Å"safe†. Several countries are starting to increase their dependence on nuclear energy because of its high energy output and the power to bring electricity to everyone’s home. Although nuclearRead MoreIs Nuclear Energy a Solution to the Energy Crisis? (in South Africa)4447 Words   |  18 PagesIS NUCLEAR ENERGY A SOLUTION TO THE ENERGY CRISIS? Contents * Abstract * Introduction * Report * Conclusion * Bibliography * Appendix Abstract Nuclear energy could be the future of energy and potentially solve the energy crisis problem. Nuclear energy is a sustainable energy source and it can provide millions of times the amount of energy output from a fixed mass of fuel than any other energy source, such as fossil fuel, for the same mass of fuel.Read MoreIs Nuclear Energy Answer to the Energy Crisis by Albert You1571 Words   |  7 Pages(Albert) Is nuclear power the answer to the energy crisis? Submission Date: 29/8/2012 Required Length: 1250-1500 Actual Length: 1291 Introduction It is frequently said that nuclear energy is cheaper, safer and more efficient than fossil fuels, and without the effects on air pollution, so it is often seen as a solution to the energy crisis. In 2000, approximately a sixth of the global electricity power was provided by nuclear power. (Boyle, G et al 2003) However, over the last year, there hasRead MoreSuper Hero Who Will Save The World1372 Words   |  6 PagesMy dear child, I have a very important mission for you. You are going to be super hero who will save the world. Our planet is on the edge right now, soon we will be faced with very serious crisis. Energy crisis. We use energy every day and it’s very hard to imagine our world with out of electricity. Can you imagine, that one-day electricity may become as expensive as gold and we won’t be able to use it on regular basis, like we do now. And this day might be coming soon. So let’s imagine that we areRead MoreEssay on Energy Crisis1570 Words   |  7 PagesEnergy Crisis Energy is important to our nation for many reasons. It is a key economic driver. It offers new market opportunities for business. Providing energy to our nation has been an exciting challenge in recent years. Many changes have been constant throughout that period. The past tells Americans that predicting the specifics of the energy future for our nation with great accuracy would be unlikely. Americans get their energy from different types of resources. With all the differentRead MoreNuclear Power: Dangerous Nemesis or Trusted Ally1158 Words   |  5 Pageswithin the green energy community and it seems the number one question that keeps coming up is should we now support our one time enemy nuclear power? Many different people green and not, now, think it is the right time to take a second look at this widely used power source. When a former anti-nuclear campaigner and founding member of Greenpeace proclaims in the Washington Post â€Å"the environmental movement needs to update its views†¦because nuclear energy may just be the energy source that canRead More Crisis1206 Words   |  5 PagesCrisis â€Å"Crisis!† Anytime we, as a society, hear this word our ears perk up and the speaker has our attention. Usually when we hear crisis we think that it is something with â€Å"the distinct possibility of a highly undesirable outcome† (Merriam Webster) that calls for immediate response. President George W. Bush says that we are in a national â€Å"energy crisis† (Is Yucca Mountain in Nevada a safe disposal site?). Bush has proposed a solution, storing all of our nation’s nuclear waste in Nevada’s YuccaRead More Replacement of Fossil Fuels with Nuclear Energy for Electricity1399 Words   |  6 PagesFossil Fuels with Nuclear Energy for Electricity ABSTRACT Our nation is on the brink of an energy crisis and alternative means to produce electricity must be found. Fossil fuel resources are declining sharply and nuclear energy is the leading form of replacement. Our research shows that the advantages to this new energy source are extraordinary and that there are many ways to minimize its negative aspects. Due to the overwhelming advantages, we have concluded that nuclear energy is indeed theRead MoreNuclear Power And Its Effect On The Environment1347 Words   |  6 PagesNuclear power plays a pivotal role in our lives. Nuclear power seems to be the only way to help human beings go through energy crisis and climate change. These two problems threaten global security and the stability of the environment. There are several advantages and disadvantages of nuclear power, so my essay is focusing on what British people really think of nuclear energy. Overview UK’s first nuclear reactor called Calder Hall was built in Sellafield in 1956. Now the UK has 18 nuclear

Economic Environmental Assessment Office -Myassignmenthelp.COm

Question: Discuss About The Economic Environmental Assessment Office? Answer: Introduction This project has focused on identifying cost minimum potential strategies for solving existing challenges in the adoption of Water Sensitive Urban Design in order to manage water resources in the urban region. The issues in the implementation of WSUD have been provided priority in this project. Specific Objectives Following are the objectives for performing this research related to the rainwater harvesting system including minimization of development cost, protection of water quality, integration of rainwater for testing purpose and reduction of peak flow. Background Rapid urban growth in Australia in last 20 years have seen various changes in the urban development and provided footprints related to economic, environmental and societal values. In order to maintain the sustainable growth in the country, use of natural resources has been increased. Water, sewage and rainwater harvesting have been developed in order to maintain the ecological integrity of the country (Ward, Memon and Butler 2012). The environmental values that are associated with the ageing infrastructure require coming up with the increase in the population in urban cities. As discussed in the Water Sensitive Urban Design Sustainable Drainage Systems for Urban Areas, a conference was held in Melbourne in the year of 2000, several participants involved in the water industry have voted for this change (Mun and Han 2012). The rainwater harvesting system has been an important method of proper use of the water in any projects and society. However, rainwater tanks reduce runoff of storm water in an urban system. Therefore, this help in maintaining the water volume in houses for both portable and non-portable purposes. However, there has been a great misunderstanding related to the long-term validity in finance of tanks. WSUD is an approach for managing water in urban areas of Australia (Biazin et al. 2012). This helps in minimizing negative impacts of urbanization. However, the negative impacts of the urbanization include increase in costs, water depletion and risks of natural calamities including flood risks. The increase in the pollutants in water have created several water-borne diseases among individuals in the society. The risks and threats involved in this context include increase in urban temperatures, pollutants, home gardens and floods (Youn et al. 2012). Therefore, WSUD have helped in managing these risks in order to protect the environment from damage. WSUD differs from traditional urban design style in many ways. The total water management cycle depends upon the rainwater harvesting by the modern approach. The examination of a 75kL tank in different scenarios has helped in maintaining multi-story in the development model tank using rainwater harvesting (Rahman, Keane and Imteaz 2012). However, the cost maintenance of the project has helped in maintaining a proper budget for the project. The government of Australia have been taking interest in implementing this project in the society. In 2007, Melbourne Waters Living Rivers Stormwater Program has helped in providing funds for progressing and finalizing Baw Shire Councils draft WSUD. This program has helped in managing various systems in the water-harvesting model (Hajani and Rahman2014). WSUD can be applied to both rural and urban developments. Water Sensitivity of Rainwater tanks in Urban Designs Water Sensitive Urban Design has been used for saving water resources and removal of pollutants from rainwater. A successful project helps in managing rainwater in a proper way before going into a drain. Design and infrastructure of the program have been properly integrated in order to maintain a proper architecture for rainwater harvesting system. The lifecycle in assessing rainwater tanks of 600L together with the 2250L capacity tank with an economic benefit with tank cost from the customer perspective (Alam et al. 2012). As commented by Campisano and Modica (2012), there has been savings estimating billing of 29.6% for a 2250L tank. Low-interest rates have helped in minimizing initial cost if the system. However, rainwater has been channelized into drains and channels for Canberra urban purposes. This has increased the risk of flooding and soil erosion. Therefore, damage to vegetation and agriculture has been a common problem in the state. There are various principles of Water Sensitive Urban Design: It helps in reducing the demand for drinking water by using different alternative sources of water including rainwater and refined wastewater. This help in encouraging water efficient appliances (Hu et al. 2014). It minimizes the generation of wastewater from various sources and helps in treating wastewater for standard use of purposes. The wastewater management has been triggered with the help of this program. The use of this program has helped in maintaining treatment of rainwater management in order to provide fresh water for standard purposes. The use of rainwater in the urban landscape for improving visual and other entity of developments. This maintains different methodology for maintaining different aspects of the rainwater harvesting. The tanks are used for collecting and storing water during rain. The use of these tanks can mitigate the storing problems of rainwater (Hashim et al. 2013). During this process, rainwater is treated with proper minerals and chemicals. Water management system has been refined in fresh drinking water. During the 1990s, the emphasis has been shifted to place responsibility for water management project. Sample and Liu (2014) commented that the concept of WSUD involves maintenance of water balance and quality in an urbanized environment. However, the emergence of water management has been increased in the urban areas. An effective use of WSUD strategies has helped to adopt rainwater harvesting system project in the society. Government initiatives in implementation o WSUD The ACT government has helped in reviewing the implementation of water sensitive urban design regulations for changing the environment. The regulation plan under the ACT government has been integrated into with various technologies that have helped in increasing efficiency of water harvesting system (Kim, Han and Lee 2012). The ACT government has published a report importance of the WSUD in the city. The use of the rainwater harvesting has helped in maintaining scarcity of water in the city. The government have helped in providing funding for the project that might help in minimizing the scarcity of water sources in the city (Wu et al. 2015). The WSUD program has been directed by the ACT government that encourages individuals to maintain their work individually. The achievement of targets of the project has been a first priority for maintaining a proper approach to the project (Morales-Pinzn et al. 2012). The South Australian Planning Strategy has a 30-year plan or Greater Adelaide in order to implement policies and targets seeking to a population. There are various plans for improving the water management process in the city (Palla et al. 2012). The main goal is to maintain a proper approach toward the development of rainwater harvesting system. The State government have approached the post-implementation easements for the development of study related to implementation of rainwater harvesting system with the help of water tanks (Vieira et al. 2014). The stakeholders of the project have been focusing on implementation of the water tanks for storing and collecting rainwater. There might be two types of tanks containing rainwater and fresh water respectively. The use of this task has helped in maintaining the storage of the water in a safe place. This methodology has helped in developing WSUD program in the market. The water management planning recognizes the conservation of water and b iodiversity for the future use. It helps in providing alternative sources for water use in the society (Ward, Butler and Memon 2012). The urbanization has created opportunities in rainwater harvesting system for its development and ecological integrity. The structural and non-structural solutions have been recognized for protection of public health and communal values in the society. Benefits of Water Sensitive Urban Design There are various potential benefits of the Water Sensitive Urban Design in the market. WSUD has helped in developing a program for the water harvesting system in the market. Therefore, relevant information is required for the development of the program in the market. Following are benefits of the WSUD: Economic: It helps in minimizing the capital cost by reducing the size of off-site pipework and drains. The construction cost is reduced by the implantation and clearing of trees. However, the water quality cost has been reduced by searching different alternatives for water sources. This strategy has helped in increasing the market value of the research (Angrill et al. 2012). IT has improved the resource allocation by offering various cost benefits in various ways that help in maintaining residential development of every individual. Environmental: WSUD helps in maintaining the hydrological balance in the ecosystem by using natural processes of storage and infiltration. The sensitive area is protected with the help of the WSUD. It helps in water restoration and enhancement of urban waterways. The impact on the reduction of pollution and other damages to the environment. Therefore, it minimizes the impact of the urban development on various aspects of the environment (Imteaz et al. 2012). Different natural habitats are enhanced with the help of the WSUD. The natural diversity is classified into various parts in several landscapes. The level of the groundwater is increased due to the storage of rainwater. Social: The social changes has been an important benefit of the WSUD. The implementation of WSUD has helped in measuring changes in the society related to use of water for daily purposes. WSUD have helped in acknowledging people about the sensible use of water and rainwater harvesting system (Rahman et al. 2014). The effect of various strategies used in the WSUD has helped in maintaining proper linking to the opportunities in the society. The sustainability in development has emerged in recent years that have helped in maintaining a growth of the society. The sustainable development of the society has helped in maintaining a future growth of the society. This program helps in providing a unified method for integrating between urban water cycle and urban infrastructure (Steffen et al. 2013). This method is practised in various urban Greenfield development in order to maintain a sustainable growth in the city. Drivers of Water Sensitive Urban Design Urban growth and development have been creating pressure on various existing infrastructures. Existing infrastructures requires up gradation and replacement due to ageing problem. However, various water surveyors in urban areas are aged that requires technical replacements. Increase in climatic changes has created several issues including drought and shortage of water (Nguyen et al. 2013). Therefore, people suffer from water scarcity problems. Huge discharge of pollutants from the water sources have created water pollution. These pollutants include hydrocarbons, heavy metals and microbiological organisms. These affect aquatic life and environment with heavier rainfall or drought. The east coast of Australia has been experiencing water shortage problem frequently (Matos et al. 2015). External pressure has helped decision makers in exploring creative solutions to resolve traditional problems. The involvement of the WSUD has provided a new approach for sustainable development of the urb an areas. This aims at management of rainwater with the hydrological cycles. The external pressure that has been prevailing among the decision makers for exploring innovative methods for maintaining the urban development practices in the city. The WSUD has been routed to a new approach that helps in maintaining the growth of the urban areas. The rainwater management plan has been developed for harvesting rainwater natural flow. As commented by Kadam et al. (2012), most of the managers of urban water are concerned with providing integrity of water environment that helps in discharging storm water. Various respondents have concerned with the perceptions of community and social amenity (Jung et al. 2015). The key drivers of the WSUD implementation are public health outcomes, social amenity and community perception. An efficient storm water management practices require proper ambulation of various elements in the field of infrastructure planning, landscape architecture and urban hydrology. Technical professionals and experts in WSUD have been lacking in the implementation of WSUD in various locations around world (Thomas et al. 2014). Use of other management plan including Low Impact Urban Design and Development (LIUDD) in New Zealand, Sustainable Urban Drainage Systems (SUDS) in the United Kingdom and Low Impact Development (LID) in the United States have helped in expanding the systems (Ghimire et al. 2014). Increase in the awareness of WSUD advantages have helped government for revamping their urban development of storm water management practices. The WSUD policies and their requirements in the country have been mentioned in order to maintain the urban development. The Brisbane City Council has revised planning policy for specifying WSUD in a legal way under the planning scheme. Jiang, Z.Y. and Li (2013) mentioned that this change in the governmental policy has helped in creation of fertile environments leading towards development of urban areas. Absorption of WSUD in planning documents guidelines encourages widespread uptake. However, a key issue of concern related to stakeholders includes lack of technical knowledge and skill. Engineers and policy makers are not aware of the WSUD plan for development of rainwater harvesting system in urban areas (Campisano et al. 2013). However, it stares that the attainment of the sustainable rainwater management depends on the technical knowledge of the stakeholders and development of individuals included in this project. The translation of the integrated elements in real practices although guidelines and policies exist. Hanson and Vogel (2014) commented that the local government acts a local broker in scientific knowledge and present for maintaining urban development. However, the agency is likely to execute new things in order to maintain the innovation and experimentation in building knowledge and skills. The general users of WSUD development help in influencing community support. However, this support of WSUD in general community before implementation of any WSUD features (Fernandes, Terncio and Pacheco 2015). Developers of WSUD plan have been focusing on the sustainable development of the rainwater harvesting system. Therefore, there has been the clash among the innovative thoughts of different individuals in the system. Therefore, thus can be described as soft urban design features retaining vegetation and increase in the marketing policy. With the increase in the environmental awareness among the society, the use of WSUD features has been marketed in the form of the valuable assets for the company and assets (Gikas and Tsihrintzis 2012). Barriers to Water Sensitive Urban Design Challenge in acceptance of features of WSUD are not only technical perspective but also institutional and social. However, one of major challenges faced by the WSUD is lack of knowledge on the features and its potential benefits. The stakeholders are confused with the knowledge of the WSUD definitions and features (Morales-Pinzn et al. 2015). This has potential challenges for the implementation of this system. The storm water management has been a failure in the society due to lack of awareness. Therefore, understanding perception of drivers and barriers to WSUD help in developing and promoting the integrated of thinking in a form of coherent framework. Therefore, a study of the perceptions of WSUD has discovered that the industry has been rated by their institutional arrangements for WSUD while commitment of implementation of WSUD perceived as low production (Gwenzi et al. 2015). CONSTRAINTS OPPORTUNITIES Lack of understanding among stakeholders Increasing awareness programs Increasing circulation of research and information among stakeholders. Limited research and knowledge Industry partnerships with research facilities Formation of diverse and multi-disciplinary teams Lack of common standards, guidelines and technical knowledge Agencies to provide set standards Workshops seminars to increase skill levels Formation of diverse, multi?disciplinary teams Fragmented storm water management agencies Formation of effective regulatory framework linking local regional levels Efficient communication amongst different agencies Lack of institutional provision Agencies to confront issues of traditional urban storm water management Absorption of WSUD into planning documents Making WSUD a mandatory feature for new developments Economic Cost Increasing awareness that long-term benefits outweigh short-term Costs Locality?specific modelling Integration of all aspects of urban water management Table 1: Constraints and opportunities in WSUD implementation (Source: Lee and Yigitcanlar 2010, pp.31). However, current urban storm water management frameworks focus on confining engineering solutions in a length of time. However, these methods are maintaining the government instructions are involved in taking risks in adopting alternative approaches (Silva, Sousa and Carvalho 2015). However, lack of knowledge has created many barriers to the implementation of WSUD in the urban areas. However, stakeholders are convinced of the extension of business and effectiveness of WSUD methods (Liaw and Chiang 2014). Different ponds and water bodies are integrated with the rainwater harvesting systems. These systems used to collect rainwater and filter it into drinking water. This help in maintaining the hydrological cycle in the environment. However, the quality of the tools is not god due to lack of technical knowledge. The use of tool and techniques for filtering water have not been appropriate. Therefore, implementation of inappropriate systems creates risks fir the implementation of a projec t. However, GCC has able to adopt practices of WSUD as their standard policy for providing a strong technical base to the project. On a contrary, stakeholders awareness program have been creating problems for the project, as the stakeholders are busy in gaining knowledge regarding the project the concentration on the development of the project gets distracted (Ghimire, Watkins and Li 2012). This might create challenges in planning and execute the level of the project. However, conducting workshops for stakeholders help in developing their skills related to the need of the project. The ineffectiveness of in the design of the plan has created a major problem in the implementation of the WSUD (Walsh, Pomeroy and Burian 2014). Technical skills and principles have helped in scattering among various professional involved in urban water management. Mahmoud and Alazba (2015) commented that the lack of the standard practices creates confusion in the local authorities and developers that help in maintaining a proper approach towards the development the rainwater harvesting system. Researchers have found that the people lacking in the technical knowledge related to the perception of this project have been the biggest barrier to the implementation of the WSUD. The linkage between construction and concept of the WSUD has not been implemented properly that has poorly translated on the ground (Stec and Kordana 2015). The disciplinary teams for designing and maintaining WSUD features are based upon specific consideration of local sites. However, integration of urban water management in Australia is fragmented and conducted by the institution. Vialle et al. (2012) commented that a legal framework has been adopted for maintaining the local and regional level of integration of storm water in tanks. Therefore, it creates confusion among the stakeholders and local government related to the storage of storm water in the tanks for the filtering process. A decision maker is busy in making plans for initiating filtering process of storm water. However, a major concern with WSUD is perception of economic costs at an initial stage and inadequate economic assessment for particular elements (Unami et al. 2015). Initial costs are high for the treatment process in account there are various potential benefits including different structures in the treatment systems. WSUD helps in providing the high level of community protection and environmental support compared to traditional urban rainwater features. Water Sensitive Urban Community Project initial findings Water Sensitive Urban Development has been a great approach by the Australian government. The use of rainwater harvesting system in country has helped in maintaining the filtration of the rainwater in the tanks. The use of tanks in the treatment process has helped in providing efficiency in hydraulics by saving initial costs (Ghimire and Johnston 2013). The use of various process has been integrated into the stormwater harvesting systems that need to be implemented in the system. However, this report has focused on the implementation of the tanks in the rainwater harvesting system in order to store rainwater for filtration process. Researchers have surveyed properly regarding the use of the tanks in the treatment process (Vieira, Weeber and Ghisi 2013). The consideration of 70-occupant building has been used for 4 stages including laundry, flushing, toilet, outdoor use and hot water. Therefore, this amount of consumption has produced 0.036kL/person/day in toilet flushing, 10kL/person /year in outdoor usage (Belmeziti, Coutard and de Gouvello 2013). However, 10kL tanks had 10% total demand and 100kL tanks having 50% demand that helps in making more larger tanks for storing water. The use of tanks in the treatment project has helped in maintaining and monitoring the flow of water in the tanks The use of hydraulic pressure in flow helps in creating a calculative data in order to filter right amount of water (Vargas-Parra et al. 2014). The analysis of the 75kL tank of rainwater in Sydney has been discussed in the report that helps in providing a better approach towards development of rainwater harvesting system in the country. The analysis of this type of tank has helped in maintaining the cost-benefit analysis of the project in the proper manner. Therefore, the use of various strategies provides an appropriate way to implementtion the project at a low cost and time. The analysis focuses on the result of 60-year-life-cycle using the current water supply price with c urrent interest rates (Campisano et al. 2017). The use of the cost-benefit analysis has helped in maintaining the budget of the project in order to minimize the cist if the project. The budget of the project has been a critical issue in order to monitor various pictures of rainwater harvesting system. However, it has been found that the ratio benefit of cost estimation was found to be 64% - 75% by using current water supply at various interest rates and less conservative with conservative cost estimates (Cook, Sharma and Chong 2013). However, there was the increase in lower interest rates and increase in the price of water in the urban region. This has increased the price of the water and increase in the demand for fresh water in the market. The WSUD has helped in the development of the urban areas and minimizing initial cost of the water treatment plant. Life-Cycle Costing In this context, life cycle costs help in representing the aggregate cost of ensuring sustainable and delivery of water supply services to an area or individual. Life cycle cost includes the disaggregated unit costs of construction, design and maintenance of a water delivery system along with other undefined costs (Wang and Zimmerman 2015). These costs included all the non-engineered that are overlooked and ignored during creating the budget plan. Therefore, it plays an important role in maintaining the actual cost of the project. There are various components of Lifecycle costs provided in the table below: Life Cycle Costs Description Capital expenditure-software and hardware Capital invested in planning and constructing a water services delivery system Operating and minor maintenance expenditure Recurrent expenditure on operating, managing and maintaining a water delivery system Capital maintenance expenditure Cost of financing a water delivery system taking into account loan repayments Cost of capital Unit costs of post-construction support activities to users of a water delivery system Expenditure on direct support Expenditure on asset renewal, replacement and rehabilitation of a water delivery system Expenditure on indirect support Unit costs of macro-level support, planning and management of a water services delivery system Table 2: Components of the Life cycle costs (Source: (Vieira, Weeber and Ghisi 2013, pp.39) The acquisition sum of cost together with cost of ownership of the life cycle of product is life cycle cost of the system. In the adopted model, rainfall was regarded as inflow, release, and possible spillage as outflow. The release was estimated based on following equations: Rt = Dt; if It + St1 Dt (1) Rt = It + St1; if It + St1 Dt (2) Where Dt is daily demand (m3 ) on day t; St1 is tank storage at end of previous day (m3 ); Rt is release from rainwater tank (m3 ) and It is inflow (m3 ). Spill (SPt) (m3 ) was calculated from following equations: (Ghimire, Watkins and Li 2012) SPt = It + St1 Dt SMAX; if It + St1 Dt SMAX (3) SPt = 0; if It + St1 Dt SMAX (4) where SMAX is design storage capacity (m3 ).The tank storage St at end of day t was calculated using following equations: St = SMAX; if SPt 0 (5) St = St1 + It Rt; if SPt = 0 (6) The nominal cost concept together with the nominal rate in the discount. The conversion of nominal cost (CN) to the stipulated discount cost (CP) is done below: Where dn is the nominal discount rate per annum and y is the appropriate number of years. Location Rainfall Period of rainfall record Average Annual rainfall (mm) Campbelltown 068007 1900-2009 743 Hornsby 066158 1936-2009 1325 Parramatta 066124 19662009 964 Penrith 067084 19702009 940 Richmond 067021 19022003 801 Castlereagh 067002 19502010 802 Wallacia Post Office 067029 19462010 870 West Pennant Hills 067098 19462005 1076 Moss Vale 068195 19722008 1104 Cataract Dam 068016 19362009 1108 Table 3: Study of locations and daily rainfall data (Source: (Ghimire, Watkins and Li 2012, pp.49) Figure 2: Average monthly rainfall in the Sydney region (Source: Vieira, Weeber and Ghisi 2013) Results The adoption of the 75kL size of the tank was due to the similarity of the study. However, this tank is able to meet the daily household use of individual of 73 % of the days in a year that has been increased to 98% for a 5kL tank size (Ghimire, Watkins and Li 2012). Figure 3: Reliability of RWHS at ten selected locations using rainwater for toilet and laundry use (Source: Kim, Han and Lee 2012, pp. 87) The reliability for irrigation use of all ten location has been smaller than toilet and laundry as shown in the figure. The reliability values of Hornsby and Campbelltown are 73% and 41% (Kim, Han and Lee 2012). However, data in a favourable condition that create might varies in other conditions. As it is related to natural weather of the location, therefore, it depends upon environmental factors. However, the cost-benefit ratio for different tank sizes for Hornsby. It is analyzed that benefit-cost-ratio values have reached to one indicating value. Tank Size (kL) Toilet and laundry use Irrigation use Combined use 1 0.614 0.373 0.666 2 0.578 0.524 0.749 3 0.565 0.643 0.846 5 0.527 0.795 0.966 10 0.399 0.700 0.839 50 0.355 0.740 0.861 70 0.256 0.634 0.728 Table 4: Benefit-cost ratio values at Hornsby (based on current Sydney water price of AUD 2.13/kL) However, the current Sydney Water price has been too low to achieve a benefit-cost ratio greater than one for a RWHS in most of the scenarios. Therefore, there is an increase in the cost-benefit ratio in these locations. Conclusion It can be concluded that the rainwater harvesting system in Australia has been a great success in order to maintain a proper development of the urban areas. The use of Water Sensitive Design development system in the country has helped in maintaining the development of the urban areas in Australia. The main goal is to maintain a proper approach toward development of rainwater harvesting system. The State government have approached the post-implementation easements for the development of study related to implementation of rainwater harvesting system with help of water tanks. The use various capacity tanks for storing rainwater has been a great success. The life cycle cost analysis has helped in analyzing rainwater use at ten different location. The principles of WSUD have been discussed in the report that helps in understanding the basic goal of the system. The benefits and limitations of the WSUD have been discussed in the report that helps in analyzing the implementation of the WSUD project in the country. The problems of water scarcity in Australia have been provided in the report that initiates the reason for doing then project. References Alam, R., Munna, G., Chowdhury, M.A.I., Sarkar, M.S.K.A., Ahmed, M., Rahman, M.T., Jesmin, F. and Toimoor, M.A., 2012. Feasibility study of rainwater harvesting system in Sylhet City.Environmental monitoring and assessment,184(1), pp.573-580. Angrill, S., Farreny, R., Gasol, C.M., Gabarrell, X., Violas, B., Josa, A. and Rieradevall, J., 2012. Environmental analysis of rainwater harvesting infrastructures in diffuse and compact urban models of Mediterranean climate.The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment,17(1), pp.25-42. Belmeziti, A., Coutard, O. and de Gouvello, B., 2013. A new methodology for evaluating potential for potable water savings (PPWS) by using rainwater harvesting at the urban level: The case of the municipality of Colombes (Paris Region).Water,5(1), pp.312-326. Biazin, B., Sterk, G., Temesgen, M., Abdulkedir, A. and Stroosnijder, L., 2012. Rainwater harvesting and management in rainfed agricultural systems in sub-Saharan Africaa review.Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, Parts A/B/C,47, pp.139-151. Campisano, A. and Modica, C., 2012. Optimal sizing of storage tanks for domestic rainwater harvesting in Sicily.Resources, Conservation and Recycling,63, pp.9-16. Campisano, A., Butler, D., Ward, S., Burns, M.J., Friedler, E., DeBusk, K., Fisher-Jeffes, L.N., Ghisi, E., Rahman, A., Furumai, H. and Han, M., 2017. Urban rainwater harvesting systems: Research, implementation and future perspectives.Water research,115, pp.195-209. Campisano, A., Gnecco, I., Modica, C. and Palla, A., 2013. Designing domestic rainwater harvesting systems under different climatic regimes in Italy.Water Science and Technology,67(11), pp.2511-2518. Cook, S., Sharma, A. and Chong, M., 2013. Performance analysis of a communal residential rainwater system for potable supply: a case study in Brisbane, Australia.Water resources management,27(14), pp.4865-4876. Fernandes, L.F.S., Terncio, D.P. and Pacheco, F.A., 2015. Rainwater harvesting systems for low demanding applications.Science of The Total Environment,529, pp.91-100. Ghimire, S.R. and Johnston, J.M., 2013. Impacts of domestic and agricultural rainwater harvesting systems on watershed hydrology: A case study in the Albemarle-Pamlico river basins (USA).Ecohydrology Hydrobiology,13(2), pp.159-171. Ghimire, S.R., Johnston, J.M., Ingwersen, W.W. and Hawkins, T.R., 2014. Life cycle assessment of domestic and agricultural rainwater harvesting systems.Environmental science technology,48(7), pp.4069-4077. Ghimire, S.R., Watkins, D.W. and Li, K., 2012. Life cycle cost assessment of a rain water harvesting system for toilet flushing.Water Science and Technology: Water Supply,12(3), pp.309-320. Gikas, G.D. and Tsihrintzis, V.A., 2012. Assessment of water quality of first-flush roof runoff and harvested rainwater.Journal of Hydrology,466, pp.115-126. Gwenzi, W., Dunjana, N., Pisa, C., Tauro, T. and Nyamadzawo, G., 2015. Water quality and public health risks associated with roof rainwater harvesting systems for potable supply: Review and perspectives.Sustainability of Water Quality and Ecology,6, pp.107-118. Hajani, E. and Rahman, A., 2014. Reliability and cost analysis of a rainwater harvesting system in peri-urban regions of Greater Sydney, Australia.Water,6(4), pp.945-960. Hanson, L.S. and Vogel, R.M., 2014. Generalized storagereliabilityyield relationships for rainwater harvesting systems.Environmental Research Letters,9(7), p.075007. Hashim, H., Hudzori, A., Yusop, Z. and Ho, W.S., 2013. Simulation based programming for optimization of large-scale rainwater harvesting system: Malaysia case study.Resources, Conservation and Recycling,80, pp.1-9. Hu, Q., Pan, F., Pan, X., Zhang, D., Yang, N., Pan, Z., Zhao, P. and Tuo, D., 2014. Effects of a ridge-furrow micro-field rainwater-harvesting system on potato yield in a semi-arid region.Field Crops Research,166, pp.92-101. Imteaz, M.A., Adeboye, O.B., Rayburg, S. and Shanableh, A., 2012. Rainwater harvesting potential for southwest Nigeria using daily water balance model.Resources, Conservation and Recycling,62, pp.51-55. Jiang, Z.Y. and Li, X.Y., 2013. Water and energy conservation of rainwater harvesting system in the Loess Plateau of China.Journal of Integrative Agriculture,12(8), pp.1389-1395. Jung, K., Lee, T., Choi, B.G. and Hong, S., 2015. Rainwater harvesting system for contiunous water supply to the regions with high seasonal rainfall variations.Water resources management,29(3), pp.961-972. Kadam, A.K., Kale, S.S., Pande, N.N., Pawar, N.J. and Sankhua, R.N., 2012. Identifying potential rainwater harvesting sites of a semi-arid, basaltic region of Western India, using SCS-CN method.Water resources management,26(9), pp.2537-2554. Kim, H., Han, M. and Lee, J.Y., 2012. The application of an analytical probabilistic model for estimating the rainfallrunoff reductions achieved using a rainwater harvesting system.Science of the total environment,424, pp.213-218. Liaw, C.H. and Chiang, Y.C., 2014. Dimensionless analysis for designing domestic rainwater harvesting systems at the regional level in northern Taiwan.Water,6(12), pp.3913-3933. Mahmoud, S.H. and Alazba, A.A., 2015. The potential of in situ rainwater harvesting in arid regions: developing a methodology to identify suitable areas using GIS-based decision support system.Arabian Journal of Geosciences,8(7), pp.5167-5179. Matos, C., Bentes, I., Santos, C., Imteaz, M. and Pereira, S., 2015. Economic analysis of a rainwater harvesting system in a commercial building.Water resources management,29(11), pp.3971-3986. Mehrabadi, M.H.R., Saghafian, B. and Fashi, F.H., 2013. Assessment of residential rainwater harvesting efficiency for meeting non-potable water demands in three climate conditions.Resources, Conservation and Recycling,73, pp.86-93. Morales-Pinzn, T., Luruea, R., Rieradevall, J., Gasol, C.M. and Gabarrell, X., 2012. Financial feasibility and environmental analysis of potential rainwater harvesting systems: A case study in Spain.Resources, Conservation and Recycling,69, pp.130-140. Morales-Pinzn, T., Rieradevall, J., Gasol, C.M. and Gabarrell, X., 2015. Modelling for economic cost and environmental analysis of rainwater harvesting systems.Journal of Cleaner Production,87, pp.613-626. Mun, J.S. and Han, M.Y., 2012. Design and operational parameters of a rooftop rainwater harvesting system: definition, sensitivity and verification.Journal of Environmental Management,93(1), pp.147-153. Nguyen, D.C., Dao, A.D., Kim, T.I. and Han, M., 2013. A sustainability assessment of the rainwater harvesting system for drinking water supply: a case study of Cukhe village, Hanoi, Vietnam.Environmental Engineering Research,18(2), pp.109-114. Palla, A., Gnecco, I., Lanza, L.G. and La Barbera, P., 2012. Performance analysis of domestic rainwater harvesting systems under various European climate zones.Resources, Conservation and Recycling,62, pp.71-80. Rahman, A., Keane, J. and Imteaz, M.A., 2012. Rainwater harvesting in Greater Sydney: Water savings, reliability and economic benefits.Resources, Conservation and Recycling,61, pp.16-21. Rahman, S., Khan, M.T.R., Akib, S., Din, N.B.C., Biswas, S.K. and Shirazi, S.M., 2014. Sustainability of rainwater harvesting system in terms of water quality.The Scientific World Journal,2014. Sample, D.J. and Liu, J., 2014. Optimizing rainwater harvesting systems for the dual purposes of water supply and runoff capture.Journal of cleaner production,75, pp.174-194. Santos, C. and Taveira-Pinto, F., 2013. Analysis of different criteria to size rainwater storage tanks using detailed methods.Resources, Conservation and recycling,71, pp.1-6. Silva, C.M., Sousa, V. and Carvalho, N.V., 2015. Evaluation of rainwater harvesting in Portugal: Application to single-family residences.Resources, Conservation and Recycling,94, pp.21-34. Stec, A. and Kordana, S., 2015. Analysis of profitability of rainwater harvesting, gray water recycling and drain water heat recovery systems.Resources, Conservation and Recycling,105, pp.84-9 Lee, S. and Yigitcanlar, T., 2010. Sustainable urban stormwater management: water sensitive urban design perceptions, drivers and barriers. In Rethinking Sustainable Development: Urban Management, Engineering, and Design (pp. 26-37). IGI Global, Engineering Science Reference. Steffen, J., Jensen, M., Pomeroy, C.A. and Burian, S.J., 2013. Water supply and stormwater management benefits of residential rainwater harvesting in US cities.JAWRA Journal of the American Water Resources Association,49(4), pp.810-824. Thomas, R.B., Kirisits, M.J., Lye, D.J. and Kinney, K.A., 2014. Rainwater harvesting in the United States: a survey of common system practices.Journal of Cleaner Production,75, pp.166-173. Unami, K., Mohawesh, O., Sharifi, E., Takeuchi, J. and Fujihara, M., 2015. Stochastic modelling and control of rainwater harvesting systems for irrigation during dry spells.Journal of Cleaner Production,88, pp.185-195. Vargas-Parra, M.V., Rovira, M.R., Gabarrell, X. and Villalba, G., 2014. Cost-effective rainwater harvesting system in the Metropolitan Area of Barcelona.Journal of Water Supply: Research and Technology-Aqua,63(7), pp.586-595. Vialle, C., Sablayrolles, C., Lovera, M., Huau, M.C., Jacob, S. and Montrjaud-Vignoles, M., 2012. Water quality monitoring and hydraulic evaluation of a household roof runoff harvesting system in France.Water resources management,26(8), pp.2233-2241. Vieira, A.S., Beal, C.D., Ghisi, E. and Stewart, R.A., 2014. Energy intensity of rainwater harvesting systems: A review.Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews,34, pp.225-242. Vieira, A.S., Weeber, M. and Ghisi, E., 2013. Self-cleaning filtration: A novel concept for rainwater harvesting systems.Resources, Conservation and Recycling,78, pp.67-73. Walsh, T.C., Pomeroy, C.A. and Burian, S.J., 2014. Hydrologic modeling analysis of a passive, residential rainwater harvesting program in an urbanized, semi-arid watershed.Journal of Hydrology,508, pp.240-253. Wang, R. and Zimmerman, J.B., 2015. Economic and environmental assessment of office building rainwater harvesting systems in various US cities.Environmental science technology,49(3), pp.1768-1778. Ward, S., Butler, D. and Memon, F.A., 2012. Benchmarking energy consumption and CO2 emissions from rainwater?harvesting systems: an improved method by proxy.Water and Environment Journal,26(2), pp.184-190. Ward, S., Memon, F.A. and Butler, D., 2012. Performance of a large building rainwater harvesting system.Water research,46(16), pp.5127-5134. Wu, Y., Jia, Z., Ren, X., Zhang, Y., Chen, X., Bing, H. and Zhang, P., 2015. Effects of ridge and furrow rainwater harvesting system combined with irrigation on improving water use efficiency of maize (Zea mays L.) in semi-humid area of China.Agricultural Water Management,158, pp.1-9. Youn, S.G., Chung, E.S., Kang, W.G. and Sung, J.H., 2012. Probabilistic estimation of the storage capacity of a rainwater harvesting system considering climate change.Resources, Conservation and Recycling,65, pp.136-144.

Ted Bundy Research Paper Example

Ted Bundy Paper A personality disorder is another cause of the career criminal. People with personality disorders are often involved in repeated episodes of disruptive or difficult behavior. Others often consider these people overbearing, dramatic, or even obnoxious (AGS). Ted Bundy is a narcissistic and a sociopath. Ted Bundy could be considered narcissist. He exposes a few of the Narcissistic diagnostic features in his personality. These features are as follows: Narcissistic personality disorder is a condition characterized by an inflated sense of self-importance, need for admiration, extreme self-involvement, and lack of empathy for others. Individuals with this disorder are usually arrogantly self-assured and confident. They expect to be noticed as superior. Many highly successful individuals might be considered narcissistic. However, this disorder is only diagnosed when these behaviors become persistent and very disabling or distressing. (Long). After Stephanie Brooks left Ted Bundy when she graduated, he showed a number of these disorder features. He shows a lot of self-importance when he goes back to University of Washington and throws himself into his studies to get outstanding grades. He also shows a need for admiration by getting himself into the upper rings of society by becoming a campaigner. We will write a custom essay sample on Ted Bundy specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Ted Bundy specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Ted Bundy specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer He also shows features of an extended definition by another source that describes a narcissistic behavior as A pattern of traits and behaviors which signify infatuation and obsession with ones self to the exclusion of all others and the egotistic and ruthless pursuit of ones gratification, dominance and ambition (Ratzlaff). Not only did his modus operandi, he also shows his obsession in other ways. All of his victims share the basic same traits. They all were between the age of 17 and 26 and were from middle class families. Most were attending college or a university. And almost all of the women were brunettes with their hair parted down the middle. All of the women were attractive and had an average weight between 100 and 140 pounds. This was basically a vague description of Stephanie Brooks. Later he won her back and made her believe that he was going to marry her and just like she broke it off he broke it off. He shows some features of a sociopathic person. Some of the features that are associated with sociopathic behavior are Sense of entitlement; Unremorseful; Apathetic to others; Unconscionable behavior; Blameful of others; Manipulative and conning; Affectively cold; Disparate understanding; Socially irresponsible; Disregardful of obligations; Nonconforming to norms; Irresponsible (Kelly). Ted felt a sense of entitlement. He always felt that he should have had Stephanie Brooks. Ted even felt a sense of entitlement while he was in jail. He always complained about only have 2 meals instead of 3 meals a day. Ted was very manipulative not only when he murdered and raped those women; he was also very manipulative in his personal life. He was always manipulating people for money, sex, or whatever hey wanted. Ted also did not conform to norms. Ted was always a wonderer. He would leave for days at a time and drive through different states on just a whim. There are three features that can define a career criminal. The past criminality predicts future criminality, the earlier the onset of the criminal behavior, the better predictor of future criminal behavior, and for the high rate of criminality, there are usually drugs or alcohol involved. Ted Bundy is a narcissistic and a sociopath and he had some criminal behavior at a young age. By his own account in the interview with Dr. James Dobson he had looked at pornographic material when he was younger. And this started his fantasy about doing these sexual acts toward women. By obtaining these pornographic materials would be considered a status offense because if any person above the age of 18 had these materials it would not be criminal. Bundy also stole skis and equipment and forged ski-lift tickets to support his love of skiing. The next feature is that the Earlier the onset of this criminal activity, the better predictor of the onset of future criminal behavior. Number of early first experiences of problem behaviors was linearly associated with increased frequency of delinquency among the predominantly White and middle-class high school students (Mason). Before Ted was even out of high school, Bundy was a compulsive thief, a shoplifter, and on his way to becoming an amateur criminal. Also, it is believed that he acted out his fantasy, that he developed watching these pornographic materials, at the early age of 14. During this time he was a paperboy and an eight year old Ann Marie Burr went missing in the middle of the night and her body has never been recovered. There is often alcohol or drugs involved. Bundy often used alcohol before the commission of his crimes. Ofenders had used either alcohol alone or alcohol with other drugs in approximately 37 percent of violent victimizations in which victims were able to describe substance use by the offenders(Greenfeld). He admitted in his interview with Dr. James Dobson that he used alcohol before the vicious acts against these women. He said that it would lower his inhibition and it made it easier to commit these crimes. It was a cutoff for Ted Bundy when he would drink the alcohol. He would just say screw it and drink the alcohol which would lower his inhibition and would make it easier to commit the acts. This is evident when Carol DaRonch stated that she had smelt alcohol on his breath when he tried to kidnap her. There are a few occasions where Bundy and a Criminal Justice agency intrude. One intervention is where is arrested and brought to trial the first time for the abduction of Carol DaRonch. During this trial Ted was very confidant that they would not find him guilty of the crime. He was so confident that he represented himself in the trial. He thought that they would never be able to be convicted. Another intervention is when he was pulled over in Florida with the stolen Volts Wagon. He ended up wrestling with the officer and was eventually subdued by the officer. When he was place in the vehicle Ted said that he wished the officer had killed him. The police had a hard time identifying him because all the identification he has was stolen. The Criminal Justice agencies handled Ted Bundy very well. Even though he escaped twice they still handled him very well. They did not stomp all over his rights even though he was being held over for trial for horrible things and the fact that he was an escape risk. The court responded to every request that Ted had with a great deal of fairness. He was given access to the law library when he was defending himself. Also, he was given access to a phone to make long distance phone calls, which other inmates were not allowed to do. When he was arrested for the final time the officer had to fight with Bundy in order to get him under control. The officer showed a lot of poise by not using more force than what was necessary. Some officers might have used more force than that to subdue the subject.

Ken Kesey-The Alienated Hero essays

Ken Kesey-The Alienated Hero essays Ken Kesey creates one of Americas most famous alienated heroes in his work One Flew Over the Cuckoos Nest. Keseys alienated hero, Randle Patrick McMurphy, is a wild red-haired American of Irish heritage. McMurphy is a lazy, rowdy fighter. He also gambles constantly and has been prosecuted on the charges of the statutory rape of a 9 year old. A character with many flaws, McMurphy is not the likely character for heroics, but it is his rebellious lack of authority that makes him the perfect hero for Keseys story. Transferred from a work camp to a psychiatric ward, McMurphy is the only patient sane enough to fight the tyrannical, oppressive Nurse Ratched and her staff. To understand McMurphys role as an alienated or anti-hero, the term must be clearly defined. The Living Webster Encyclopedia Dictionary defines a hero as a man distinguished by exceptional courage and nobility and strength. A hero is a character that the reader is intended to fully embrace due to the characters selflessness and moral values. The Wikipedia Encyclopedia defines an anti-hero as a character that has some of the personality flaws and ultimate fortune traditionally assigned to villains but nonetheless also have the heroic qualities or intentions to gain the sympathy of the readers. In other words, the anti-hero or alienated hero is the unlikely hero. These flawed heroes are similar to the heroes seen in comic books. Comic book heroes often have troubled pasts or justify their means by the end. McMurphy certainly has a checkered past, after being discharged from the military, and spending time in prison. His distrust of societys values helps carve out his status as an outsider. An alienated hero often moves from one failure to the next and usually in the end reach the fate of a villain, failure. Jay Gatsby is comparable to McMurphy. Both come from checkered pasts, and fight for som...

6 Things To Consider If You Want to Work from Home Full-Time

6 Things To Consider If You Want to Work from Home Full-Time Working from home seems like nothing but a blessing: all of the sweatpants and none of the commute. But there are a few not-so-great aspects to bear in mind as well. Here’s a list of a few things to consider while you’re setting up a home office for yourself. 1. You’ll be alone. A lot.You will get lonely at some point- that’s inevitable. It might take a while to get used to the silence and the peace. If you can’t get used to it, you could consider a coworking space or a coffee shop as part of your routine. You also might find that you miss the face-to-face of meetings and staying connected. It will be more important than ever to stay connected- even if only through Skype and Google Hangouts and other messaging venues.2. You’re in charge.No boss is going to tell you what to work on or when you can and cannot take a break, which is great! But no boss is going to keep you on your toes either. That responsibility will now fall to you. Instead of losing hours and hours on Twitter, you’ll have to keep yourself on task- otherwise your work will suffer and you won’t be self-employed for long. So cultivate some serious self-discipline, including rewarding yourself with breaks and respecting your need for time off.3. You’re the main negotiator.There’s no HR department making things easy and equitable. You set your rate and negotiate your contracts and make your own boundaries. No one is going to do it for you. Try raising your rate for new clients and cutting your existing clients a break until you build your business. At the same time, don’t forget to give yourself the proper raises and reviews.4. You need to be cutting edge.You’re not going to learn things in meetings or at the water cooler anymore. It will be on you to keep track of the latest advances and innovations in your field. You don’t want to fall behind the curve, or you won’t be competitive for bids.5. Money wil l be less stable.You can make a great living freelancing, but you should keep in mind that that living might sometimes be erratic. You will have flood months and famine months. This means you have to have a good savings in the bank for emergencies and lean times. Make sure you have enough to float yourself through any lulls or catastrophes.6. It’s always casual Friday.Okay, but it really is true that you can wear sweatpants any time you want- unless you have a client meeting or, you know, have to venture out into the world. Be careful what you wish for though. If you start to feel sluggish and unproductive because of your new, ahem, uniform, then try taking a shower in the morning and dressing in something smart whenever you need an extra boost.

Managing organizations and people Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Managing organizations and people - Essay Example The external environment is hostile and it is a matter of survival from day one. Forces nearest to a company, which affect its capability of serving its customers are micro environmental factors. For example, customers, competitors, suppliers, marketing teams are some such factors (Kotler, et al, 2004, p.164). In perfect competition, there is no limit to the number of these different players and equilibrium is maintained in the form of reasonable profits and market share for each supplier. In this competitive condition, â€Å"Price changes act as the mechanism whereby demand and supply are balanced (Sloman et al., 2006, Ch.4)†, and a win-win situation is created for the seller and the buyer. However, such an equilibrium can be disturbed by any number of factors, When he started out his career, Mr. Will Chase, the promoter of Tyrrells Crisps was producing potatoes which, as a commodity with no added value and no differentiation from other suppliers, was giving him wafer thin margins. Terms could be dictated by the buyers, who play one supplier against the other to beat down the prices or set unjustified conditions. Chase decided to counter this situation by diversifying his business, converting the potatoes into a branded product namely Tyrrells Crisps and thus adding value to his produce. It was a right step, with the margins on chips being better than those on potatoes since he was producing the raw materials himself. His innovative modifications of the hand-fryer resulted in a dramatically successful product – hand fried crisps, made from potatoes from own farms. He continued with his innovative efforts adding new flavours and newer vegetables to his line of products. Branching out from local farm shops and delicatessens, he tapped the big stores like Harrods, Selfridges and Villandry (Hirchkorn, Telegraph, 2004) with their marketing strength and

LAB Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

LAB - Essay Example Also, in the earliest years of logging much of the work was done in the winter so that the logs could be moved on sleds. Per the previous question, there are two ways that logs were taken to the appropriate sawmills. The first it was by sled in winter or down the rivers. Although many Michigan men became wealthy in the logging industry the majority of the workers, like the lumberjacks made about $26 a month plus their room and board. This was not particularly much overall. Bare ground, abandon branches, and low lying stumps were all that was left behind after the loggers had left an area. The rivers no doubt suffered, they would have changed and been damaged from the constant use and devastation to the surrounding areas. These areas became had little protective groundcover and created immense fire hazards that often would threaten untouched woods and settled areas. So many people believed the propaganda being spread that the leads cleared by loggers was ideal for settlement and farming. For this reason many families spent all of the money they had on this land. However, the land was not fertile, the families could not pay their taxes, and the land became forfeit and given to the state. Ingham County was the first to be settled. The roads were little more than mud pits, uneven, and difficult to travel. Corduroy roads were roads made from logs, it most cases they were later replaced with planks roads, which were much smoother. The Michigan citizens in the 1960s and 1970s were concerned because the air quality was beginning to diminish, water pollution due to sewage and industrial waste. They began to take measures to improve and repair the damage being done to their home environment. The silo is a rounded tower-like building that is used for storing grains. Silage is the â€Å"finely chopped crops† that were fed to the farmer’s livestock (Michigan Historical Museum). A round

The thought Police Essay Example for Free

The thought Police Essay For centrys writers in literature have written about about their ideal world their utopia. This ideal world is a place were every thing is as your heart desires it to be. This is somethig all human beings can relate to , every person has their own vision of how the world should. But what if this eutopia turned into a living nightmare, world full fear,misery,depression and doubt. This would become the criteria of a dystpian worlld. A place far from the fantasys of utopia. In the oxford dictionary of litercy terms Dystopia is defined as an imaginary place or condition in which everything is as bad possible. The opposite of utopia. This exactly the case in the novel nineteen eighty four by George Orwell and the handmaids ale by Margaret Attwood. In both these novels the autos have created worlds which are dark, suppressed and painful for the characters involved. They have created these worlds to such a great effect that the reader is left thinking about how it would be to live in these dystopia. The critic Bernard Richards once said dystopias are useful; they warn us about what might happen. This is one of the many strengths about working with the dystopian genre. Though the novels are depressing which may not be what a reader wants initially from a book, the dystopian genre is extremely thought provoking. It allows the reader to reflect and appreciate the world we have at present. The novels dismal tones make the reader realise that maybe their lives arent so bad when in comparison to character involved in these dystpoipian nightmares. Another more positive side to the dystopian genre is that there is generally an important message behind the darkness whether it is political religious etc Both authors have a similar messages within their books, and these message aer mainly religeous and political ones. Atwood and orwell looked at the world and societys of their times and wrote novels warnings of the dire consequences of fundemental ideal and dictatorship can lead to. In the the handmaids tale a grooup of fundamentalist christians establishes the state of gilead in new england. Imeadiatly all womens rights, such as votin, owwing propewry or making any type of descisions are revoked. The constant civil war in the background of the book has left a majority of women infertile. Inspired by the biblical tale of rachel and billah, gileiad decres that all fertile women are to act as handmaids. Surrogate mothers who will bear the children of the infertile couples. Atwood weaeves many elements into her book:hatred of feminism, religious bigotry, rascism, enviromental destrution and of course atwood explores the consequences ofa reversal of womens rights. in this totaliterarian society, womens bodys serve purly serve as political tool. Atwoods novel is clearly inspired by the ideals of christian fundametalism and her visit to afganistan in 1978. A country with a distorted view of islam and led by fundamentalist muslims. This is very much present in the red dress of the handmaid which is very simililar to the chador worn by afgan women. In george orwells 1984, he has constructed a dystopian world in which every individual can be monitoed. There thoughts and actions can be controled by the government. 1984 is said to be one of orwells best crafted novels as it gives an incredibly powerful warning against the dangers of a toterian society. In spain germany, germany and the soviet union orwell had witnessed the danger of absolute political authority in an age of advanced technology. He illistrated this in 1984 harshly. He portrays the perfect totliterian society, the most extrem realisatioin imaginable of a modern day government with absolute power. Both orwell and atwood have main character by which the story is told to the reader. These two characters have many similartys and differences. In the handmaids tale tale the entire story is told directly from the point of view of ofred . she is narrator and prtagnist of the novel. In 1984 the entre novel is narrated in the third person, through the main character winston. Both characters are rebels within theier socity and completely against the ideals of their leaders. Winston is very thoughtful in nature and his main attributes are his rebeliousnes and fatalism. Winston hates the party pationatlyand wants to test the limits of its power, he comits a numerous amount amounts of crimethroughout the novel ranging from writing DOWN WITH BIG BROTHER in his diary to his illegal love affair with julia( another character within the book) to secretly getting himself into the anti party brotherhood. The effert winston puts into his atempt at feedom ultimatly underscores the the partys devstating power. And By the end of the novel winsto is a loyal servent to big brother. The main reason for winstons rebelion and eventual down fall is his imense sense of fatalism. He is intensly paranoid about the party and his belief that the party will eventualy capture him and punish him. whether he went on with the diary, or whether he did not go on with it, made no difference. The thought police would get him all the same. As soon as he writes into his diary he is positive that the thought police are coming for him. Winston is so sur of his doom that this causes him to take unnessary risks, such as trusting o birian , renting a room above the shop and continuing to rebel because of his belief that he will be caught any way. In handmaid tale ofred like winston is a rebel, but unlike winston who rebel externaly, she rebels internaly. Ofred is by no means the heroin of the novel, she resist giliads concepts and ideal but does not act in a physyicaky open way on them. On the outside she submitts to gileads rules and her role as a handmaid once her attempt at escape fails. She is hardly a feminist champion; she always felt uncomfortable with her mothers activism, and her pre-Gilead relationship with Luke began when she became his mistress. Although she is friends with Ofglen, who is a member of the resistance, she never makes the move to join up herself. After she begins her affair with Nick, she seems to lose sight of escape and begins to feels that life in Gilead is almost bearable. If she does finally escape, it is because of Nick, not because of anything she has phisicaly done herself. Offred is a mostly passive character, good-hearted but complacent. Like her peers, she took for granted the freedoms feminism won and now pays the price. Like most of the women in Gilead, she is an ordinary woman placed in an extraordinary situation Another subject or theme which both these dystopian novels share is th esubject of gender. The reprsenttation of male and females especialy in 1984 is very stricking. In 1984 orwell has given women in the novel a very negative light. Winston who can be said to reflect the voice of orwell has extreamly sexist views towards women. The only women in the novel that can be said to have a more positive oulook is winstons mother. He sees her pure safricial women and constantly reminises about her in the novel. 19984 is a very male dominated novel, there are few females character in it. Julia is the main female charater in the novel, and winstons attidude to her at times is extremly negative he would flog her to death with a rubber truncheon. he would tie to a stake and shoot her full of arrows. he would ravish her and cut her throat at the moment of climax winston applys this vulgar attidude not just to julia but to other female with in the novel her thick arms reaching up fo the line , her powerful mare like buttocks protruded this qote is where winston observes a prole women hanging out her washing and basicaly comparing her to a horse. Julias purpose in the novel is to serve as the male fantasy, she has sex with winston and is very promiscuous in that she has slept with may party men,she brings him forbidden food, she dresses up for him. The critic and feminist beatrix campbell sees the portralel of women in 1984 as very negative- women are akin to the proletarian man in orwells work, they are rendered natural rather than skillful, almost infantile in their unconsciousness rather then alert and organised. I agree with her views, women are cleary given a dismal outlook, and julias character also a very unrealsistic one. The handmaids tale can be said to be a feminist update of 984, this could also be because of the fact that the author is female. The whole tone to the novel is completely different to the cold, dreary, masculine tones of 1984.

The Re-Creation of a Young Roman Girl Essay examples -- Rome Culture T

The Re-Creation of a Young Roman Girl At seven years old this young, upper-class1 Roman girl, daughter of a prominent political figure, is posing for a portrait of her face. Her father is demanding her whole family have one done so that everyone can see their family displayed for years to come. As predicted by her father, Roman art historians are very interested in these portraits and the past they represent. In 1998 this bust is a rare and exceptional find among art collectors. This portrait is now one of twenty-one sculptures found in the Riley Collection of Roman Portrait Sculpture at the Cedar Rapids Museum of Art. This portrait is rare, first because it is a portrait of a child, and second because it is portrait of a young girl. Children were often exposed in ancient Rome, especially young girls. The reasons for exposure are probably monetary. Poor families could not afford many children, and wealthy families did not want to have to divide their inheritance any more than necessary. Boys were most often kept because they would be the heir to the family and preserve the family wealth, while daughters would require a dowry to be given to her husband.2 When the portrait is finished, this young girl and her two older brothers, would be immortalized in stone. This portrait may have been chosen to be made at this time because the girl's father had reached a certain political status, or because this girl had reached an age where it was believed she had survived the hardest part of her life, her childhood, or a combination of both.3 It is unlikely this portrait is a funerary memorial due to the simple fact that it is a round sculpture rather than relief. Most grave markers were decorated with relief in the ancient time... ...n citizens. In order for that to occur, both parents had to be legal Roman citizens. Marriage was a necessary function for survival of lineage, not something any Roman man wanted to be trapped in (Dixon, 1992, 60-65). See Lefkowitz and Fant on guardianship and the Julian Marriage Laws. 24 Dixon, 1992, 72-75. 25 Women were seen to be too careless to manage their own affairs, even as adults. However, women could appoint their own tutor, and may have chosen one strictly for social purposes and managed their own money. See Lefkowitz and Fant on the laws of guardianship. 26 Foss tells the story of Pomponia, the wife of Quintus Cicero, when she is a guest somewhere. She was not invited to have the responsibility of organizing and supervising the feast at the estate. Because she is treated as a guest, she refuses to attend the meal. 27 Foss, 1995.

Exegesis Paper on Luke 12:49-53

â€Å"I came to bring fire to the earth, and how I wish it were already kindled! 50 I have a baptism with which to be baptized, and what stress I am under until it is completed! 51 Do you think that I have come to bring peace to the earth? No, I tell you, but rather division. 52 For now on five in one house there will be divided, three against two and two against three; 53 They will be divided: father against son and son against father, mother against daughter and daughter against mother, mother-in-law against her daughter-in-law and daughter-in-law against mother-in-law. (Luke 12:49-53) â€Å"I came to bring fire to the earth, and how I wish it were already kindled (v49)! † As I read these words from this passage again, I can almost hear the urgency and emotion that was in Jesus’ voice when he spoke them. â€Å"I came to bring fire to the earth, and how I wish it were already kindled (v49)! † This is Jesus describing his mission, his purpose for entering into our world: to cast fire on the earth. Yet it had not happened yet, for with great longing in his voice, he tells his disciples, â€Å"how I wish it were already kindled (v49)! But whatever do these strange words mean? What is this fire about which Christ speaks of? How or when did he cast this fire to the earth, if he ever did? There are occasions in the Bible when fire did fall from heaven. Fire and brimstone fell from heaven upon Sodom and Gomorrah (Genesis 19:24-25) and destroyed those towns and all its inhabitants. One of the ten plagues against Egypt was fire and hail from heaven (Exodus 9:3). The prophet Elijah called down fire from heaven that incinerated soldiers sent from wi cked King Ahaziah (2 Kings 1:9-17). Lightning is sometimes described as fire from heaven in the Bible (Psalm 27:9; Psalm 144:5-6). All of these fires from God, however, were destructive fires. And it is the destructive and consuming force of fire that we usually think of when we think of fire. Does it sound like Jesus to be longing and wishing for destruction? No, the fire that Jesus came to cast on the earth is none of those fires. It is not a destructive fire. It is the fire of the Holy Spirit. The Scriptures sometimes associates the Holy Spirit with fire. In the book of Revelation, the Holy Spirit is pictured as â€Å"seven lamp stands with burning flames† (Revelation 4:5). John the Baptist prophesied concerning Jesus, â€Å"I baptize you with water, but he who is more powerful than I is coming; I am not worthy to untie the thong of his sandals. He will baptize you with the Holy Spirit and fire† (Luke 3:16). But do we have any Biblical evidence that Jesus ever sent the Holy Spirit from heaven in the form of fire? Yes we do and it happened on the Day of Pentecost as recorded in Acts 2. 1â€Å"When the day of Pentecost had come, they were all together in one place. And suddenly from heaven there came a sound like the rush of a violent wind, and it filled the entire house where they were sitting. 3Divided tongues, as of fire, appeared to them, and a tongue rested on each of them. 4 All of them filled with the Holy Spirit and began to speak in other languages as the Spirit gave them ability (Acts 2:1-4). †Later, when Peter stood up and preached a sermon before thousands of curious onlookers, he explained to them what the tongues of fire meant, 32 â€Å"This Jesus God raised up, and of that all of us are witnesses. 3Being therefore exalted at the right hand of God, and having received from the Father the promise of the Holy Spirit, he has poured out this that you both see and hear (Acts 2:32-33). The resurrected Jesus, ascended to the right hand of God had poured forth the Holy Spirit from heaven; he had cast the fire of the Holy Spirit to the earth. When the fire of the Spirit fell upon the apostles they were transformed; they were filled with boldness, they praised the mighty works of God in many languages, and they spoke the Word of God to the gathered people. The fire was kindled! 3000 were baptized and converted on that one day. And that kindled fire spread throughout Jerusalem, Judea, Samaria, and to the ends of the earth (Acts 1:8). But when Jesus spoke the words of our text, the day of Pentecost was still in the distant future. Our Lord knew that before the great day of casting fire upon the earth could come, something of monumental significance had to happen first. Our Lord put it this way, â€Å"I have a baptism with which to be baptized, and what stress I am under until it is completed (v51)! †One thing is sure. Jesus was not referring to his baptism in the Jordan by John the Baptist; that baptism had already happened. No, he was referring to another kind of baptism, a baptism that filled Jesus with distress as he thought about it; a baptism that he desperately wanted to be completed. He was talking about the baptism of his death and resurrection. For truly baptism is a death and resurrection. Listen to Paul in Romans 6 describe what happens when a Christian is baptized: 3â€Å"Do you not know that all of us who have been baptized into Christ Jesus were baptized into his death? Therefore we have been buried with him by baptism into death, so that, just as Christ was raised from the dead by the glory of the Father, so we too might walk in newness of life (Romans 6:3-4). † Paul is not merely saying that baptism pictures a death and resurrection. He is saying that those who are baptized truly die with Christ, are buried with Christ, and rise again with Christ. Their sinful nature is put to death and they arise as new creations. Jesus was our ultimate sacrifice who paid the ultimate price for our sins, but it wasn’t enough for Jesus to just die on the cross. He also had to be buried and resurrect from the dead. Through the acts of his death, burial, and resurrection, Jesus bought our salvation. He purchased salvation with his own blood and made it available to all who obey him. Jesus made the ultimate sacrifice for our sins by dying on the cross. He went to the cross perfect and sinless. He did not deserve death. He was the only person that could make atonement for our sins. In order to make atonement, the sacrifice had to be without blemish and without sin. This is why we cannot atone for our own sins. We are born into sin. Jesus was not born into sin because God was his father. We have to identify with his death by dying to sin. We die to sin, put off the old man, by repenting of our sins and turning away from sin. We can’t kill the sinful nature. What we put to death is the control the sinful nature has over us. 12 â€Å"Therefore, do not let sin exercise dominion in your mortal bodies, to make you obey their passions. 13 No longer present your members to sin as instruments of wickedness, but present yourselves to God as those who have been brought from death to life, and present your members to God as instruments of righteousness. 4 For sin will have no dominion over you, since you are not under law, but under grace (Romans 6:12-14). † Christians are not under the control of sin. We must live an overcoming life and not allow sin to work in our lives. â€Å"When then are we to say? Should we continue in sin, in order that grace may abound? 2 By no means! How can we who died to sin go on living in it? (Romans 6:1-2). †When Jesus died on the cross, He, who had no sin, paid the death penalty for our sins. Through baptism we are united, or joined with Christ in paying the death penalty for sin. We are baptized into His death, into the death penalty for sin. We, who are unable to return from death because we have sin, are joined to Christ and since Christ is sinless and was victorious over death, we, now being united with Him through baptism, are made victorious being united with Christ in His resurrection. Now if God allows us to participate in the death, burial, and resurrection of Jesus Christ, an event which occurred 2000 years ago, through baptism, it can truly be said we are saved through faith and God’s grace! Baptism can be likened to the Israelites coming up out of the land of slavery, passing through the Red Sea and entering the Promised Land. Baptism can be likened to passing through the flood of Noah. Baptism is about leaving our old sinful, worldly ways behind and taking upon our shoulders the yoke of Christ. It is about lifestyle change and dying to ourselves and doing God’s will instead of ours. Our reason and purpose for living changes after baptism. Afterward is a new way of life. Baptism is about heart, faith, total commitment, surrender, self-denial, death, resurrection, repentance, and seeking God’s mercy through Jesus Christ and the work He did on that cross on that day of infamy 2000 years ago. That is what Jesus meant by his baptism: His death and resurrection which atoned for the sins of the whole world, by which God offers forgiveness and eternal life to all who believe and are baptized, â€Å"he is the atoning sacrifice for our sins, and not for ours only but also for the sins of the whole world, 1 John 2:2). But once Jesus underwent his â€Å"baptism,† then he could, and did, cast fire on the earth, that is, gave the Spirit to his church. From that day until this the fire of the Spirit has fallen on the Church, and through it, has set the unbelieving world ablaze; this raging fire has spread, bringing not destruction, but salvation to an uncountable number. There is great debate as to what this â€Å"fire† is that Jesus wants to pour upon the earth, but it is more than likely that Jesus is speaking about the coming of the kingdom of God and of the terrible judgment that faces humanity in that day. The coming day of the kingdom is not prefigured by â€Å"peace† on earth, but rather by â€Å"fire†. There is ultimately the fire of the great judicial inquest, but in the meantime, the Day of Judgment is prefigured in the fire of Jesus â€Å"baptism†, (v50), and in the fire of â€Å"division†, (v51). Jesus knows well enough now that the coming kingdom of God is realized through tribulation, and for Jesus, this means suffering and death. Jesus must himself face the wrath of God and so he sets his eyes turned toward Calvary and with determination, presses onward toward the end. Jesus' â€Å"baptism† (the word is being used figuratively here) is his suffering and death on the cross, his atoning sacrifice for sin on behalf of those who have put their trust in him for salvation. In verse 51. Jesus aligns himself with the Old Testament prophets when he reminds his listeners that the coming day of the Lord is not a day of peace, but rather, is a day of judgment, a day of apocalyptic tribulation, a day when the saved are separated from those doomed to destruction. In the present moment, this coming day is prefigured in social division, (v52-53). We know that Jesus makes much of the sign of â€Å"love†, the love of the brotherhood, but what we have here is another sign of the kingdom, the sign of division. Jesus now explains what he means by â€Å"division† and then, in (v53), supports his words by quoting Micah 7:6. â€Å"Division† was one of the commonly expected signs of the coming messianic kingdom, and so now, with the coming of Jesus the messiah, families can expect that household members will â€Å"turn against one another†. Some members of the family will stand with Jesus and others will stand against him. His coming would inevitably mean division;in other words, it did. That was one of the great reasons why the Romans hated Christianity because it tore families in two. Over and over again a man had to decide whether he loved better his friends and kin or Christ. The essence of Christianity is that loyalty to Christ has to take precedence over the dearest loyalty to Christ has to take precedence over the dearest loyalty of this earth. In other words a man must be prepared to count all things but loss for the excellence of Jesus Christ. In this Luke passage, we see Jesus pressing on toward Jerusalem and the cross, or as he calls it, his baptism. For Jesus, the cross was ever before his eyes. How different from Jewish idea of God’s King! Jesus came, not with avenging armies and flying banners, but to give his life a ransom for many. In his death, Jesus' draws us close to the â€Å"fire† of the great judicial inquest. For the present, â€Å"division† prefigures that terrible day, a division realized through the preaching of the gospel. Some accept the Spirit-inspired message, but many reject it. None-the-less, through the proclamation of the gospel the kingdom of God finds its consummation.

Oedipal Complex Essay

The essential component to any tragedy, Greek or Shakespearean, is a protagonist with a fatal flaw. In Greek tragedy this is called hamartia. This Latin term translates directly into the word â€Å"flaw† but is usually used to describe an excess of a personality trait – virtue or vice (Cave 68). The protagonist’s fatal flaw pushes the the plot and action of the tragedy forward. It is this tragic flaw, which leads to the eventual downfall of the character, his circumstances, and the denouement of the drama. In examining the bulk of the literature’s protagonists, no other character embodies the essential role of the flawed protagonist like Hamlet. Without the flaw there would be no drama, and no irony and â€Å"would have ended dismally with a sense of utter frustration and inadequacy† (Wilson 236). Many critics believe that Hamlet’s fatal flaw is his Oedipal Complex. Sigmund Freud and The Oedipal Complex The Oedipal Complex was first developed by Sigmund Freud. The theory revolves around the concept that individuals have a hidden desire for sexual interaction with a parent of the opposite sex. At the same time the child feels a rivalry with the parent of the same sex. It may be that Freud named the oedipal complex after the infamous king of Thebes not because Oedipus’s childhood experience mirrored the developmental phase he described but simply because Oedipus was readily recognizable as a man who killed his father and had sex with his mother. (Sugiyama 121). Freud intensely studied Hamlet, and wanted to be known as the man who diagnosed Hamlet’s mental disorder. He writes, in The Interpretation of Dreams, the play is seems to be about Hamlet seeking revenge for his father’s murder, but Shakespeare, within the text of the play, does not show a reason for why Hamlet waits so long to kill Claudius. Freud states â€Å"According to the view which was originated by Goethe and is still the prevailing one today, Hamlet represents the type of man whose power of direct action is paralyzed by and excessive development of his intellect. † (98). Ernest Jones Interpretation of Hamlet Dr. Ernest Jones offered one of the first indepth presentations of the theory that Hamlet suffered from the Oedipal Complex. He asserted, in Hamlet and Oedipus, â€Å"The story thus interpreted would run somewhat as follows: As a child Hamlet had experienced the warmest affection for his mother, and this, as is always the case, had contained elements of a more or less dimly defined erotic quality† (98). There are two qualities which the Queen has which supports this reasoning. Shakespeare clearly shows her sensual nature. He also explains that she has a great deal of intense love for her son. Jones believes â€Å"The former is indicated in too many places in the play to need specific reference, and is generally recognised† (98). Hamlet is a study of â€Å"the powerful influence of infantile sexuality on the patterns of unconscious thinking in the lives of adults. † (MacCary 114). Hamlet’s fatal flaw is his Oedipal complex which leads to indecision. The rising action, falling action, and resolution, in Hamlet, can be attributed to the theme of indecision. Hamlet, the Prince of Denmark, is a bright young man with many talents. He is an academic, a witty orator, and a flawless actor. Certainly, he has the potential to do anything he wants which may have included, in the future, being the King of Denmark. His aptitude for all things calls into question why there is a great delay between Hamlet’s decision to avenge his father’s murder and the actual revenge. Hamlet laments over his indecision: O that this too too solid flesh would melt, Thaw, and resolve itself into a dew! Or that the Everlasting had not fixed His canon ‘gainst self-slaughter! O God! O God! How weary, stale, flat, and unprofitable Seem to me all the uses of this world! (Act I, sc ii) He continues, condemning his mother for leaving his father and more importantly choosing Claudius over him: Within a month, Ere yet the salt of most unrighteous tears Had left the flushing in her galled eyes, She married. O, most wicked speed, to post With such dexterity to incestuous sheets! It is not, nor it cannot come to good. But break my heart, for I must hold my tongue! (Act I, sc ii) Knowles, in his article â€Å"Hamlet and Counter-Humanism,† states â€Å"Hamlet’s father’s death, his mother’s concupiscence and hasty marriage to her husband’s murderer, produce a grief and loathing of such a profound degree that a sense of being created by emotion estranges him from the previous identity of a princely role† (1046). This grief is compounded by Hamlet’s repressed romantic love for his mother. The Problem Revealed : Hamlet Identifies with Claudius It is Hamlet’s Oedipal Complex which leads to indecision and the reevaluation of his choice to kill Claudius. Claudius was able to kill Hamlet’s father and sleep with Hamlet’s mother. He was able to do what Hamlet could not. Hamlet is living out his Oedipal fantasies through Claudius (Joseph 26). Killing him would end Hamlet’s fantasies. Hamlet is disgusted by his mother marrying his uncle. In Conscience of a King, Bertram Joseph (28) believes that Hamlet â€Å"showed all the signs of a noble and well-balanced sanguine temperament. † Joseph assumes that Hamlet is not experiencing insanity and he is in perfect mental health – the embodiment of everything a good Elizabethan should be. Incest was not acceptable in Elizabethan times. When reflecting on the thought of his father and mother sleeping together, Hamlet states† Must I remember? Why, she would hang on him, as if increase of appetite had grown. † He wishes he does not remember how his mother hung onto his father. His uncle and mother married at a â€Å"most wicked speed† and now sleep in â€Å"incestuous sheets†. The literal interpretation may be that his belief system is causing his anger. However, Hamlet goes on to say â€Å"It is not nor it cannot come to good; But break, my hear, for I must hold my tongue. † Hamlet is not upset over his father’s death but is jealous because his mother choose Claudius (her brother in law) instead of Hamlet (her son) to marry. Hamlet’s Idealism Defined Hamlet actions should not attributed to mental illness but a repressed desire for his mother. Thomas MacCary asserts, in Hamlet: A Guide to the Play, â€Å"Shakespeare’s Hamlet, has its roots in the same soil as Oedipus Rex†¦. the secular advance of repression in the emotional life of mankind† (104). He continues thats â€Å"In Hamlet it remains repressed; and — just as in the case of a neurosis — we only learn of its existence from its inhibiting consequences. . . . Hamlet is able to do anything — except take vengeance on the man who did away with his father and took his father’s place with his mother, the man who shows him the repressed wishes of his own childhood realized (MacCary 105). Hamlet believes fully that men were born good and were meant to do good things. His strong belief system contrasts strikingly with the reality and corruption of the world when he returns home and his own fantasies. He comments on the state of Denmark and more specifically his father’s house, â€Å"‘Tis an unweeded garden that grows to seed; Things rank and gross in nature possess it merely† (Act I, sc ii). He is disgusted not just by his home community but the evil which existed in his family. Upon the realization that the world was cruel, and that he will never actually be with his mother, he describes life as a â€Å"prison† (Act II sc ii). He finds it difficult to resolve his illusions of what he feels and what he should feel. It is his Oedipal Complex and the living out of his fantasies through Claudius which allows him to conceal his bitterness while his internal moral will pressures him to avenge his father’s death. Hamlet attempts to use logic, a typical idealist characteristic, to determine what course of action he must take (Gresset and Samway 7). Shakespeare uses Hamlet to â€Å"provide new and revealing insights into the evolving Renaissance codes of honor, for Shakespeare creates characters in Hamlet that represent various stages in the evolution of a changing honor system. (Terry 1070). Hamlet struggles with idea that he may be a coward for his inaction and a sinner for his cardinal thoughts. Despite his nightly supernatural chat with the ghost of his murdered father, he is still unsure if justice should be done by his own hand. Fendt comments, in Is Hamlet a Religious Drama? An Essay on a Question in Kierkegaard, that â€Å"The plot shows Hamlet to be a first class detective — he uncovers a criminal who has committed a perfect crime, and only in his more scholarly moments of soliloquy has he time to consider despising himself† (60). Fendt makes a good point in that Hamlet has to figure out for his own peace of mind what truly happened to his father. He understands that if Claudius did kill his father he must kill Claudius. He understands that in a world of lies it was hard to tell truth from fiction, and a sinner from a saint. Hamlet states, â€Å"the native hue of resolution is sicklied o’er with the pale cast of thought†(Act III sc i), and concludes that the death of Claudius must be based on justice not emotional revenge. Therefore, Hamlet must have independent proof that his uncle murdered his father. â€Å"Other Shakespearean plays exploit the device of the play-within-a-play as a form of recognition ‘token’,† (234) comments Cave in Recognitions: A Study in Poetics. Cave is correct, play with in plays is a common tool used by Shakespeare. It is also the only way Hamlet, besides direct conformation, is going to be able to tell if Claudius is guilty. In addition Hamlet is able to prolong his Oedipal fantasies. It is for this reason that Hamlet invites players in to perform a â€Å"murderous† play to ferret out the truth from his mother and new father. Symptoms of Oedipal Complex within Hamlet Shakespeare slowly reveals Hamlet’s complex through a series of subtle yet functional hints. Claudius comments on the relationship between Hamlet and Gertrude â€Å"The queen his mother lives almost by his looks† (Act IV, sc vii). implying an unnaturally close interaction between the two of them. This shows that Hamlet must have a place within his mother’s life. His deep desire for his mother attributes to his inability to love Ophelia. Hamlet is drawn to Ophelia because she, in some ways, resembles his mother. It is for this same reasons that Hamlet takes out anger for his mother on Ophelia. This accounts for Hamlet’s mistreatment of Ophelia throughout the play. Polonius believes that Hamlet’s is love sick over Ophelia and that is why he is going mad. Alexander Welsh, in Hamlet in His Modern Guises, believes that Polonuis â€Å"diagnosis of Hamlet’s madness as being due to unrequited love for Ophelia was not so far from the mark, and he certainly recognized that his distressful condition was of sexual origin. Thus Polonius had the right idea though the wrong woman† (Welsh 138). Even the ghost urges Hamlet to â€Å"Let thy soul contrive against they mother† (Act I, sc v) and give up his desires for her, so that Hamlet can avenge his father’s murder. In it within Act III, that Hamlet’s Oedipal complex is directly seen. John Mills, in Hamlet on Stage: The Great Tradition, states â€Å"†He was openly abusive to Ophelia and Gertrude in the play scene, delivering the sexual innuendos loudly enough for the whole court to hear†(Mills 236). In this scene Hamlet is hiding in her closet, watching her carefully. He confronts his mouhter about the murder of his father and speaks explicitly about her sexuality. He screams: This was your husband. Look you now, what follows: Here is your husband; like a mildew’d ear, Blasting his wholesome brother. Have you eyes? And batten on this moor? Ha! have you eyes? You cannot call it love; for at your age The hey-day in the blood is tame, it’s humble, (Act III, sc iv) He explains that she could not love Claudius and that his father would not approve of her choice. He continues on, with the play’s most explosive dialog: Nay, but to live In the rank sweat of an enseamed bed, Stew’d in corruption, honeying and making love Over the nasty sty,– (Act III, sc iv) It is important to note that this scene takes place in the Queen’s bedroom. The conversation symbolized Hamlet and Gertrude essentially â€Å"in bed† together and hints to a sexual relationship. Hamlet confronts his mother with his sword drawn which Freud considered a phallic symbol (Maccary 114). The conversation between Hamlet and Gertrude, is not a son talking to his mother. Hamlet speaks like a jealous lover chastising his girlfriend for sleeping with a different man and making their bed â€Å"enseamed†. The Queen is extremely upset and actually asks Hamlet to help her figure out what to do. At this point when Hamlet should have told her to confess, he urges her to stop her relationship with Claudius, â€Å"Not this, by no means, that I bid you do: Let the bloat king tempt you again to bed† (Act III, sc iv). Hamlet’s jealous orders restrictive his mother from being sexual with his â€Å"father,† making all Queen’s attention to be given to Hamlet. Fantasy Becomes Reality Hamlet’s inability to understand the motives of evil in actions and thought can also be attributed to his sole idealistic viewpoint. He does not understand why anyone would commit murder and therefore he is uncertain that he had ability to violently kill a man. Murderous revenge represents everything that Hamlet is not. Hamlet’s rational intellect allowed him the clarity of mind to understand both the good and bad in the act of the revenge and perhaps what his true motives for waiting are. The mental degradation of Hamlet, is believed to be insanity by the other characters but it was clear to the audience that he is merely coming to terms with what he believes to be right. Hamlet is a religious man and murder was a sin. Hamlet is a man of classical philosophy and revenge is not rational. In â€Å"The Mind of Man in Hamlet†, Levy writes â€Å"In Hamlet, man is still the rational animal, but a revolution in understanding the operation of thought occurs†. Hamlet is a man of classical philosophy and revenge is not rational (Levy). Choosing to appear mentally impair is good strategy because if the characters believe he is unwell, he will not be able to figure out the true. Hamlet’s true character remains unblemished. Hamlet is a man who believes in chivalry, and slaughter is not gentle. Hamlet is trying â€Å"to be worthy of the times in which he lives is not so far in essence from the protagonists of Greek drama. His fear of the risk of damnation is not something that can be called a moral flaw ; yet it acts like one, paralysing his will, making him behave like a coward† (Joseph 129). It is those idealistic qualities which causes the postponement of Claudius’ death. It is in the moment that Hamlet allows his emotion to dominate over his intellect that Claudius was killed. He is consumed by the thoughts of his father’s demise and is haunted by the knowledge that his father’s soul will not be able to rest until his death is avenged. Hamlet willfully concludes, â€Å"My thoughts be bloody or be nothing worth† (Act IV sc iv). It is then that Hamlet finally had the ability to suppress his idealistic nature, and do what is right. The murder is not a well planned scheme and occurs in the heat of the moment. Hamlet, after the murder of Claudius never once wavers in his decision. He has done what is right and believes that â€Å"There is a special providence in the fall of a sparrow† (Act V sc ii). Oddly enough fatalism is part of idealistic theory and therefore Hamlet always remains true to himself and his idealism. This also further supports that the Oedipal Complex can be applied to Hamlet, because he succeeds in killing â€Å"his father† (Claudius). Jones comments â€Å"And we have assumed as well that the final murder of Claudius also represents, in its actual psychological significance, the murder of the mother’s husband, made possible by the theme of vengeance for the father. This is the basis of the drama† (124). The act of killing his mother, even directly, could symbolize the act sex. Therefore, Hamlet has finally succeeding in attaining his subconscious need to have a sexual relationship with his mother. Conclusion Hamlet’s indecision caused his desire for his mother makes him the perfect tragic protagonist and leads to theme of indecision. Reta Terry, in her journal article â€Å"Vows to the Blackest Devil†: Hamlet and the Evolving Code of Honor in Early Modern Englandâ€Å", believes â€Å"Hamlet’s tragedy is, in part, that he is forced to attempt to balance these â€Å"rival ethical legacies† as he struggles to remain honorable† (Terry 1). Without his intense regard for the ideals of truth, justice, goodness and beauty being in conflict with his most basic physical desires there would be no play. His fatal flaw of indecision and his desire to sleep with his mother create a moral dilemma which the characters, and plot revolves. Even Hamlet, the academic, comments on the presence of hamartia in human nature. He states: oft it chances in particular men That for some vicious mole of nature in them, As in their birth, wherein they are not guilty, By the o’ergrowth of some complexion, Oft breaking down the pales and forts of reason, Their virtues else, be they as pure as grace, Shall in the general censure take corruption (Act 1, sc 4). Hamlet continues late in the resolution of the play, â€Å"though I am not spleenative and rash Yet have I in me something dangerous† (Act V. sc i.) Critics believe while Hamlet is â€Å"Normally not rash at all, he is capable of extreme rashness when provoked extremely. The â€Å"something dangerous† is the proud impatience that there is in his otherwise noble sense of public mission. â€Å"(Elliott 25). Freud states â€Å"Hamlet is able to do anything but take vengeance upon the man who did away with his father and has taken his father’s place with his mother – the man who showed him in realization the repressed desires of his own childhood† (101). The pain which should have caused him to take immediate revenge was replaced by pity for himself. Freud continues â€Å"by conscientious scruples, which tell him that he himself is no better than the murderer whom he is required to punish† (102). It is Hamlet’s idealistic nature mismatched with his pragmatic circumstances of his Oedipal Complex, that creates the ultimate theme and driving force behind all the rising action, falling action, and resolution of this tragedy. Works Cited Cave, Terence. Recognitions: A Study in Poetics. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1988. Croxford, Leslie. â€Å"The Uses of Interpretation in Hamlet. † Alif: Journal of Comparative Poetics (2004): 93+. Elliott, G. R. Scourge and Minister: A Study of Hamlet: A Tragedy of Revengefulness and Justice. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1951. Fendt, Gene. Is Hamlet a Religious Drama? An Essay on a Question in Kierkegaard. Milwaukee: Marquette University Press, 1998. Gresset, Michel, and Patrick S. J. Samway, eds. Faulkner and Idealism: Perspectives from Paris. Jackson, MS: University Press of Mississippi, 1983. Jones, Ernest. Hamlet and Oedipus . New York: Norton, 1949. Joseph, Bertram. Conscience and the King: A Study of Hamlet. London: Chatto and Windus, 1953. Knowles, Ronald. â€Å"Hamlet and Counter-Humanism. † Renaissance Quarterly 52. 4 (1999): 1046. Levy, Eric P. â€Å"The Mind of Man in Hamlet. † Renascence: Essays on Values in Literature 54. 4 (2002): 219+. MacCary, W. Thomas. Hamlet A Guide to the Play. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1998. Mills, John A. Hamlet on Stage: The Great Tradition. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1985. Shakespeare, William. â€Å"The Tragedy Hamlet. † THE NORTON INTRODUCTION TO LITERATURE. Ed. Alison Booth, J. Paul Hunter, Kelly J. Mays, and . New York: Norton, 2000. Sugiyama, Michelle Scalise. â€Å"New Science, Old Myth: An Evolutionary Critique of the Oedipal Paradigm. † Mosaic (Winnipeg) 34. 1 (2001): 121 Sigmund Freud, The Interpretation of Dreams, tr. James Strachey, Avon, N. Y. 1965. Terry, Reta A. â€Å"†Vows to the Blackest Devil†: Hamlet and the Evolving Code of Honor in Early Modern England. † Renaissance Quarterly 52. 4 (1999): 1070. Walker, Roy. The Time Is out of Joint: A Study of Hamlet. London: Andrew Dakers, 1948. Welsh, Alexander. Hamlet in His Modern Guises. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2001. Wilson, J. Dover. What Happens in Hamlet. New York: Macmillan, 1935.